Chapter 5: Controlling Flashcards
types of controls
preventive control (prior to performance of activity)
concurrent control (during the process of activity)
feedback control (evaluation after)
external vs internal control strategy
external: approach to control based on the belief that employees are motivated primarily by external rewards and must be controlled by their managers
internal: approach to control based on the belief that employees can be motivated by building their commitment to organizational goals
steps in the control process
setting appropriate performance standards
measuring actual performance
comparing actual performance to standards (deviation: size of discrepancy)
taking corrective action
- nothing
- solve the problem
- revise the standard
characteristics of effective controls (6)
controls must be accepted
control measures must be appropriate + meaningful
control measure should provide diagnostic info
allow for self-feedback + self-control
do not limit innovation
cost-effective
management control
not just measuring performance
• It involves encouraging and in some cases forcing employees to act in organizations best interests
- important contribution to employee motivation
causes for problems in management control (3)
- Lack of direction
- Motivational problems
- Personnel limitations
examples to control problem avoidance (5)
- Activity elimination
- Automation
- Centralization
- Risk sharing
- Redundancy
main causes of poor performance
A) Related to the employee
B) Related to the job
C) Related to the manager
D) Related to the organization
examples of factors related to the employee (poor performance)
- Insufficient job knowledge
- Job stress and burnout
- Low motivation
- Emotional problems
- drug addiction
- physical limitations
examples of factors related to the job (poor performance)
repetitive
night-shift
airborne pollutants
substandard hygiene
examples of factors related to the managers (poor performance)
- inadequate communication of job responsibilities
- inadequate feedback
- inappropriate leadership style
- negative attitude
examples of factors related to the organization (poor performance)
- poor ethical climate
- counterproductive work environment
- violence or threats of violence
- sexual harassment
model for dealing with ineffective workers/teams (8)
- define performance standards
- detect deviation from acceptable performance
- define + assess cause
- communicate with substandard performer/s
- set improvement goals
- select + implement action plan
- re-evaluate after time interval
- continue or discontinue plan
