Chapter 5: Collectivisation Flashcards
What happened to the harvests between 1927-29?
Poor and the grain procurement crisis meaning peasants could essentially hold the government to ransom as they were in control of the grain
What were more efficient ways of farming?
Mechanisation, which meant that more people were able to work in the cities
Collectivisation
What was announced in 1927?
Collectivisation, peasants asked to take part voluntarily
Why would collectivisation increase the military strength/ fear of foreign invasion?
A weak country was not industrialised. With the approaching war, they needed a well developed industrial base
Why would collectivisation aid the movement towards a more socialist society?
According to Marx, socialism could only occur when there was a highly industrialised state, where the overwhelming majority of the population were industrial workers. Collectivisation would eliminate inequalities and mean workers are free for industrialisation.
What percentage of the population were workers in 1928?
20%
When were 20% of the population workers?
1928
Why did the NEP and urban worker impact collectivisation?
NEP bought great rewards for the urban workers. Trade unions tended to support government-appointed managers rather than their own members. High unemployment and inequality between the rich and poor. Women were jobless and homeless and living conditions were terrible.
What was the real wages by 1928?
Only just passed their pre-war levels
How would collectivisation consolidate Stalins position?
In 1927, Stalin’s position was not fully secured. Attacking NEP and advocation rapid industrialisation and the use of force to make the peasants cooperate, he would attack the right wing (Bukharin). Hardline policy of state control of the economy as the best means fo confirming his authority over the party and government
What happened in the 1929 Party Congress?
Bukharin’s policy of carrying on with the NEP was defeated by pro-Stalin supporters and the left wing who were anti-NEP
When was Bukharin’s policy of carrying on with the NEP was defeated by pro-Stalin supporters and the left wing who were anti-NEP?
Party Congress of 1929
What was the impact of the 1929 Party Congress?
Cemented Stalins leadership as he used it as a reason too expel Bukharin and other right wing leaders from the Politburo
How did collectivisation achieve self sufficiency?
Less dependent on Western manufactured goods
USSR having a strong industrial base to produce the gods its people needed and therefore collectivisation would make them self-sufficient
How did collectivisation increase grain supplies?
Didn’t wan a reliance on the backward agriculture that often failed due to failed harvests and not producing enough. Through stable growth of foods, they could then get enough foreign currency through exporting, to get capita
How did the collectivisation establish Stalins credentials?
Needed to prove that he was Lenin’s successor, and collectivisation would follow in his footsteps. Movements towards socialism would establish him as a leader of historic importance.
What did Stalin say he was mirroring?
His radical economic changes were the same as Lenin’s decision to sanction the October revolution of 1917. The comparison was intended to enhance Stalin’s own status as a revolutionary leader and following in the footsteps of Lenin
How did collectivisation improve the standard of living?
Stalin wanted to catch up with the west in terms of standard of living
How did NEP impact collectivisation?
By the end of the 1920s, NEP seemed to run out of its ‘push’. This means that all the equipment that had existed pre-1914 was put back into use. Massive injection of capital investment was needed to drive the process of investment forward and the economy was facing difficulties at the end of the 1920s?
What happened by 1926?
Excess capacity of industry had been used up
When had the excess capacity of industry had been used up?
By 1926
How many tonnes were exported in 1913?
12 million tonnes of grain
When had Russia produced 12 million tonnes of grain?
1913
What was the best production in the NEP years?
Never exceeded 3 million tonnes of grain
What was the grain production like in 1927?
3/4 of what it had been in 1926
When was grain production 3/4 of what it had been in 1926?
End of 1927
By 1932, how many villages were collectivised?
2/3
In what year were 2/3 of villages collectivised?
By 1932
When did Stalin pause collectivisation?
1930 Famine and peasants were allowed a small plot of land
What happened between 1932-3?
Famine, especially in Ukraine, where 5 million died
When was there a famine, especially in Ukraine, where 5 million died?
1932-33
What happened by 1934?
All 7 million Kulaks removed
When were all 7 million kulaks removed?
1934
What percentage of land was collectivised in 1939?
99%
In what year was 99% of the land collectivised?
1939
How many state farms were there in 1939?
4,000 state farms
When were there 4,000 state farms?
1939
Between 1928-32, what was the increase of the urban population weekly?
50,000
What happened in the first two months of 1930?
Half of the soviet peasantry (Around 60 million people in 100,000 villages) were herded into collective farms
When were half of the soviet peasantry (Around 60 million people in 100,000 villages) herded into collective farms?
First two months of 1930
How many ‘serious disturbances’ against collectivisation were registered by the Soviet police between 1929-30?
44,779
When were the ‘serious disturbances’ against collectivisation, registered by the Soviet police, equal to 44,779?
1929-30
What happened to the number of cattle between 1928-33?
Fell by half
When had the number of cattle fell by half?
1928-33
What happened to the collective farms in 1930?
Fell from 58% to 24% of peasant households between March and June
When had collective farms fell from 58% to 24% of peasant households between March and June?
1930
How many people died between 1932-33?
8.5 million people due to starvation
During what period had 8.5 million people died due to starvation?
1932-33
Why did 8.5 million people die between 1932-33?
Starvation
How many tons of grains were collected by the end of 1931 by the government?
22.8 million tons of grain
When were 22.8 million tons of grain collected by the government?
The end of 1931, which was enough to export and feed the population
What happened in August 1932?
Law of Seventh-Eights was passed
When was the Law of Seventh-Eights passed?
August 1932
What was the August 1932 Law of Seventh-Eights?
Prescribed a ten year sentence for sterling socialised goods
What prescribed a ten year sentence for sterling socialised goods?
August 1932 Law of Seventh-Eights
What was announced at the end of 1934?
70% of peasant households were in collectives
When was it announced that 70% of peasant households were in collectives?
End of 1934
What was announced at the end of 1936?
90% of peasant households were in collectives
When was it announced that 90% of peasant households were in collectives?
1936
What was the grain harvest in 1928?
73.7 million tons
When was the grain harvest 73.7 million tons?
1928
What was the grain harvest in 1933?
68.4 million tons
When was the grain harvest 64.8 million tons?
1933
What was the grain exports in 19928?
0.03 million tons
When was the grain exports worth 0.03 million tons?
1928
What was the value of the grain exports in 1933?
1.69 million tons
When was the value of the grain exports worth 1.69 million tons?
1933
What was the cattle per million head in 1928?
70.5
What was the cattle per million head in 1933?
38.4
When was the cattle per million head 70.5?
1928
When was the cattle per million head 38.4?
1933
What did the profits fund?
The five year plans
What was introduced in 1928?
National Network of Machine Tractor Stations (MTS)
When was the National Network of Machine Tractor Stations (MTS) introduced?
1928
How many tractors were there in 1932?
75,000 tractors
When were there 75,000 tractors?
1932
How many MTSs were there in 1932?
2,500 across Russia
When were there 2,500 MTSs across Russia?
1932
What happened to half of Russias farms in terms of network?
Left out
What was the impact of the MTSs?
Didn’t make a significant impact
What was the impact of collectivisation on the peasants?
Mass resentment
What was the impact of collectivisation on the party?
Reluctant to move into another Civil War and were supportive of Stalin and his policies. Left wing saw the treatment of peasants as heroic return to the traditions of the Civil War
What happened to the Soviet citizens by 1939?
50% were now Working class
When were 50% of the Soviet population working class?
1939
What percentage of the Soviet population working class in 1929?
18%
When was 18% of the Soviet population working class?
1929
What happened between 1922-40?
Number of Russians living in cities increased from 22 million to 63 million
When was the number of Russians living in cities increased from 22 million to 63 million?
1922-40
What was the issue of the growing urban population?
Government were reluctant to invest in housing
What percentage of peasant households were kulaks in 1927?
5%
When was 5% of peasant households Kulaks?
1927
What happened to Kulaks between 1927-8?
More pressure as more demands to meet higher targets and heavier taxes
What was the twenty five thousanders?
Used to extract grain from peasants
How many people were exiled because of dekulakisation?
9.5-10 million people
What happened to 9.5-10 million people?
Exiled as a result of dekulakisation
What happened to 150,000 Kulak families in 1929?
Sent to Siberia
When were 150,000 Kulak families sent to Siberia?
1929
What happened to 240,000 Kulak families in 1930?
Sent to Siberia
What happened to 285,000 Kulak families in 1931?
Sent to Siberia
When were 240,000 Kulak families sent to Siberia?
1930
When were 285,000 Kulak families sent to Siberia?
1931
How many Kulak families were sent to Siberia in 1929?
150,000
How many Kulak families were sent to Siberia in 1930?
240,000
How many Kulak families were sent to Siberia in 1931?
285,000
What happened in some villages because of the Kulaks being exiled?
Sometimes 10% were exiled
What were the characteristics of the peasants who had been exiled?
Most hardworking
Enterprising
Therefore failure to rise agricultural products
What was blames for the poor harvest during the collectivisation period?
‘Kulak spirit’
What was Smolensk?
Subject of intense collectivisation
What was the word used to describe being subject of intense collectivisation?
Smolensk
What was the reduction in production in the harvests of 1926 and 1933?
1933 was 9 million tonnes less than 1926
What happened to wages between 1928-32?
Value of wages fell by half
When had the value of wages fell by half?
1928-32
What happened to the amount of meat consumed between 1928-32?
Fell by 2/3
When had meat consumption fallen by 2/3?
1928-32
What were the positive additions?
Electricity in villages and schools
Increased literacy rates
First health care acts
What happened to those remaining after dekulakisation?
Forced to meet unrealistic expectations and paid very title
