chapter 5: carbohydrates

Question 1

what organism makes carbohydrates?

Answer 1

plants which uses the sun’s energy to combine carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms to make carbohydrates (glucose)

Question 2

photosynthesis

Answer 2

uses light energy to make carbohydrates

Question 3

what do they take out of the air to make carbs?

Answer 3

light energy

Question 4

simple carbohydrates

Answer 4

sugars or simple sugars

Question 5

sugar

Answer 5

both monosaccharides and disaccharides

Question 6

what is the differences between mono- and di- saccharides?

Answer 6

mono- means one & di- means tow

Question 7

what are polysaccharides?

Answer 7

complex carbohydrates

Question 8

monosaccharides
- glucose

Answer 8

• hexagon chemical structure
• berries, grapes, corn
• muscles and brain love glucose

Question 9

monosaccharides
- fructose

Answer 9

• pentagon chemical structure
• fruit, honey, corn
• high fructose corn syrup (55% fructose and 45% glucose)

Question 10

monosaccharides
- galactose
what “ingredient” in the body needs galactose?

Answer 10

glands

Question 11

disaccharides
- sucrose

Answer 11

• glucose + fructose
• honey, maple syrup, cane sugar
• cane sugar is a major source of sucrose called table sugar
• brown sugar is less refined brown sugar and table sugar is 100% sucrose

Question 12

disaccharides
- lactose

Answer 12

• galactose + glucose
• it’s found in milk

Question 13

nutritive sweeteners

Answer 13

• provides 4kcal/g
• examples: sucrose & high-fructose corn syrup

Question 14

alternative nutritive sweeteners

Answer 14

• supplies 2kcal/g
• poorly absorbed in the GI tract and may cause diarrhea

Question 15

nonnutritive sweeteners

Answer 15

• provides little or no calories
• example: saccharin

Question 16

high intensity sweeteners

Answer 16

sweeteners are extremely sweet compared to the same amount of sucrose

Question 17

glycogen

Answer 17

• storage form of carbohydrate (glucose) in humans and other animals
• stored primarily in liver and muscles

Question 18

starch

Answer 18

• storage form of carbohydrates (glucose) in plants
• examples: seeds, roots, and tubers

Question 19

tubers

Answer 19

• storage organs
• examples: potato

Question 20

between starch and fiber, which one can be digested?

Answer 20

starch, since it can break down in energy

Question 21

between starch and fiber which one in an example of cellulose?

Answer 21

fiber, since it can’t break down energy

Question 22

insoluble

Answer 22

• example: cellulose
• can be found in vegetables, nuts/seeds, beans, whole grain foods
• can help digestion by attracting water into stool, making it softer and easier to pass

Question 23

soluble

Answer 23

• example: pectins
• can be found in apples, bananas, citrus fruits, oats
• helps with digestion by reducing cholesterol

Question 24

pectins

Question 25

carbohydrate digestion, absorption, and elimination - mouth

Answer 25

salivary amylase digests some starch

Question 26

carbohydrate digestion, absorption, and elimination - stomach

Answer 26

acid inactivates salivary amylase

Question 27

carbohydrate digestion, absorption, and elimination - small intestine

Answer 27

main site of carbohydrate digestion and absorption

Question 28

carbohydrate digestion, absorption, and elimination - large intestine

Answer 28

some soluble fiber and undigested carbohydrates are fermented

Question 29

carbohydrate digestion, absorption, and elimination - rectum

Answer 29

very little dietary carbohydrate eliminated in feces

Question 30

what does insulin of for blood sugar?

Answer 30

reduces blood sugar

Question 31

what does glucagon do for blood sugar?

Answer 31

releases when blood sugar is low

Question 32

glycogenolysis

Answer 32

glycogen breakdown -- releasing glucose into the blood

Question 33

lipolysis

Answer 33

breakdown of triglycerides (fat) for energy

Question 34

ketone bodies

Answer 34

- it's produces by liver and used as a source of energy when glucose is not available - water soluble molecules produced from fate

Question 35

too many ketones does what to the blood

Answer 35

- pH of blood becomes acidic - poorly controlled type-1 diabetes - no insulin to tell cells to uptake glucose - so glucose can't be used by the cells - unconsciousness and death may occur

Question 36

refined sugars make up how much of an average american's diet?

Answer 36

approximately 18% of total calories/day

Question 37

healthy substitutes for reducing added sugar intakes

Answer 37

sugar sweetened soft drinks = plain water cookies = whole grains and nuts candy = fresh fruit chips = raw vegetables

Question 38

does the new nutrition facts panel show added sugar content?

Answer 38

yes

Question 39

how can carbohydrates be fattening?

Answer 39

depends on the type and amount of carbohydrates and popular snack foods often combine refined carbohydrates with fats, making them very tasty

Question 40

nonalcoholic fatty liver disease - who can have a fatty liver? why?

Answer 40

obese people and people with diabetes because liver normally doesn't store fat, but in obese people and diabetics, it will

Question 41

cirrhosis & prevention

Answer 41

- scarring of the liver - losing excess weight, easting a healthy diet, and avoiding alcohol

Question 42

diabetes - type 1

Answer 42

- autoimmune disease - beta cells stop making insulin - source of insulin (usually injections) is required

Question 43

diabetes - type 2

Answer 43

- most common type - cells no longer respond to insulin - glucose won't enter the cells and stays in the blood - sedentary lifestyles - excess body fat - close, genetically-related family member with the disease

Question 44

which type of diabetes is autoimmune destruction of insulin while making cells?

Answer 44

type 1

Question 45

which type of diabetes is due to no longer responding to insulin in the body?

Answer 45

type 2

Question 46

why is diabetes during pregnancy dangerous?

Answer 46

poorly-controlled diabetes can cause serious damage to both the pregnant woman and her fetus

Question 47

hypoglycemia

Answer 47

abnormally low blood glucose levels

Question 48

lactose intolerance

Answer 48

inability to digest lactose because of inadequate lactase - not the same as milk allergy