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nutrition exam 1 > chapter 4: body basics > Flashcards

chapter 4: body basics Flashcards

1
Q

what 6 elements make up most of the body?

A
  • oxygen (65%)
  • carbon (18%)
  • hydrogen (9.5%)
  • nitrogen (3.2%)
  • calcium (1.5%)
  • phosphorus (1.2%)
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2
Q

proteins, carbs, and fats are abundant in what 4 elements?

A

hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen

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3
Q

which micronutrients are usually ions in the body?

A

minerals

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4
Q

molecules

A

matter that forms when 2 or more atoms interact and are held together
- O2
- C6H12O6)

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5
Q

compound

A

molecule that contains 2 or more different elements
- C6H12O6

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6
Q

chemical bond

A

attraction that holds atoms together to form a molecule

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7
Q

solutions vs. solvent vs. solutes

A

evenly distributed mixture of 2 or more compounds
- solution has solvent (primary component) and one or more solutes dissolved in the solvent

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8
Q

solubility

A

describes how well a solute dissolves

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9
Q

what is the solvent for living organisms?

A

water

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10
Q

acid

A

donates hydrogen ions (H+) in water

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11
Q

base

A

accept hydrogens in water
- usually OH-, but can be other ions

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12
Q

pH

A

measure of acidity or alkalinity of a solution

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13
Q

metabolism

A

sum all of chemical reactions occurring in living cells

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14
Q

catabolism

A

breaking down molecules

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15
Q

anabolism

A

building up molecules

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16
Q

enzymes

A

molecule that catalyzes (speeds up) the rate of a chemical reaction but is not altered during the process

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17
Q

anatomy

A

scientific study of structures of body

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18
Q

physiology

A

scientific study of the function of the body

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19
Q

cell

A

smallest functional structure in a living organism

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20
Q

tissue

A

mass of cells that have similar characteristics and functions

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21
Q

organ

A

collection of tissues that perform in a related fashion

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22
Q

organ system

A

group of organs that work together for a similar purpose

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23
Q

11 organ systems
- digestive

A

absorb nutrients

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24
Q

11 organ systems
- cardiovascular

A

move blood via heart and vessels

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25
11 organ systems - respiratory
exchange gases
26
11 organ systems - lymphatic and immune
filler tissue & house immune cells
27
11 organ system - urinary
filter waste from blood
28
11 organ systems - muscular
move body
29
11 organ systems - skeletal
support body and protect organs
30
11 organ systems - nervous
fact acting control center of body / neurons
31
11 organ systems - endocrine
slow acting control center of body / hormones
32
11 organ systems - integumentary
outer covering of body: hair, nails, skin
33
11 organ systems - reproductive
generate offspring & make sex hormones
34
gastrointestinal tract (alimentary canal)
organs that for continuous tube from oral cavity to anus - mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, large intestines, anus
35
accessory digestive organs
organs that assist in break down of food - liver, gall bladder, pancreas,
36
peristalsis
wavelike muscular contractions that move small amounts of food and beverages through the intestinal tract
37
segmentation
continuously subdividing, breaking up, and mixing the contents
38
bioavailability
extent to which digestive tract absorbs nutrients and how well the body uses them
39
mechanical digestion
mouth: bitting and grinding actions break and mash food into smaller pieces stomach: churning of the stomach walls
40
chemical digestion
mouth: saliva mixes and lubricates food / salivary amylase and lipase (enzymes) begin breaking down starch and fat, respectively stomach: HCI and enzymes, particularly pepsin
41
taste buds - sweet
produced by organic compounds, e.g., sugar or artifical sweetness
42
taste buds - salt
produced my metal ions, e.g., Na+ and K+
43
taste buds - sour
associated with acids, e.g., vinegar
44
taste buds - bitter
- produced by alkaloids (usually weak bases) - poisons can be detected as bitter
45
taste buds - umami (meaty flavor)
taste related to amino acids (proteins) producing meaty flavor
46
what can taste and smell receptors detect?
chemicals
47
bolus
the mass of chewed and swallowed food
48
gastric juice
contains water, hydrochloric acid (HCI), and enzymes
49
chyme
- mixture of gastric juice and partially (not finished) digested good - gastric juice + bolus
50
small intestine
- most nutrients are digested & absorbed in the small intestine - has villi
51
villi
- tiny projections that line the small intestine and have absorptive cells - create a lot of surface area
52
how do we absorb water-soluble nutrients?
enters the capillaries of villi and travel to the liver via the hepatic portal vein
53
how do we absorb fat-soluble nutrients?
captured by bile and enter lacteals (the lymphatic system)
54
liver
- processes and stores many nutrients - makes cholesterol and bile - stores glucose in the form of glycogen
55
pancreas
produces and secrets bicarbonate ions and many digestive enzymes
56
where are these contents emptied in the GI tract?
releases bile and pancreas releases digestive enzymes into the small intestines - secretes bile to neutralize the pH
57
large intestine
has no villi, so little absorption occurs in the organ
58
feces
(stools) form as chyme becomes semisolid
59
normal flora
the normal bacteria that live in/on your body
60
probiotics
are live, beneficial gut microbes that have been cultured under laboratory conditions - may be in dietary supplements or in foods - may help prevent or treat diarrhea or certain intestinal disorders
61
prebiotics
forms of dietary fiber that are poorly digested by humans - prebiotics can support and promote the growth of beneficial microbes in the gut
62
inflammatory bowel diseases
the general name for a group of diseases that cause inflammation and swelling in the intestines
63
constipation
difficult & infrequent bowel movements common causes: - lack of fiber in diet - inadequate water intake - anxiety of depression - changes in daily intake - ignoring need to defecate
64
diarrhea
frequent bowel movements with loose (watery) stools - causes: generally bacterial or viral infections of the intestinal tract - treatment: replacing fluids, sodium, and potassium to prevent dehydration / it is wise to avoid eating solids until diarrhea resolves
65
vomiting
abdominal muscles contract, forcibly expelling toxic stomach and duodenal contents out of the body via mouth - causes: ingestion of toxic, substances, intense pain, head injury, motion sickness, pregnancy, or migraines - treatment: avoid solid food until vomiting resolves; sip water or non carbonated beverages (prevent dehydration)
66
gastroesophageal reflux - also known as "heartburn"
gnawing pain or burning sensation usually felt in upper chest - results from stomach acid entering and irritating the esophagus which can damage the lining of the esophagus
67
peptic ulcers
sore in lining of stomach and duodenum
68
what bacteria increases the chances of having peptic ulcers?
helicobacter pylori
69
irritable bowel syndrome
intestinal cramps and abnormal bowel function; bouts of diarrhea, constipation, or alternating bouts or diarrhea and constipation

nutrition exam 1 (4 decks)

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