Chapter 5: Biology in the Present: Living People

Question 1

Allen’s Rule

Answer 1

The principle that an animal’s limb lengths are heat-related; limbs are longer in hot environments and shorter in cold environments

Question 2

Anthropometry

Answer 2

Measurement of the human body

Question 3

Basal metabolic rate BMR

Answer 3

Rate at which an organism’s body, while at rest, expends energy to maintain basic functions

Question 4

Bergmann’s rule

Answer 4

The principle that an animal’s size is heat related; smaller in hot environments and larger in cold

Question 5

Cline

Answer 5

Gradual change in some phenotypic characteristic from on population to the next

Question 6

Deciduous dentition

Answer 6

Also known as baby teeth or milk teeth

Question 7

Diaphysis

Answer 7

Main midsection, or shaft, portion of a long bone; contains a medullary cavity

Question 8

Epiphyses

Answer 8

End portion of long bonesl once they fuse to the diaphyses, the bones stop getting longer

Question 9

Functional adaptations

Answer 9

Biological changes that occur during one’s lifetime, increase fitness in given environment

Question 10

Homeothermic

Answer 10

Refers to an organism’s ability to maintain a constant body temperature despite great variations in the environmental temperature

Question 11

Hypercholesterolemia

Answer 11

Presence of high levels of cholesterol in an organism’s blood; this condition may result from the dietary consumption of foods that promote high cholesterol or through inheritance of a genetic disorder

Question 12

Melanocytes

Answer 12

Produce melanin, located in the skin’s epidermis

Question 13

Nonmineralized

Answer 13

Refers to bone reduced to its organic component

Question 14

Nutrition transition

Answer 14

Shift in diet to one that is high in saturated fats and sugar and low in fiber; a cause of obesity

Question 15

Osteoblasts

Answer 15

Cells that form bone

Question 16

Osteoclasts

Answer 16

Cells responsible for bone resorption

Question 17

Osteoporosis

Answer 17

Loss of bone mass

Question 18

Secular trend

Answer 18

Phenotypic change over time, due to multiple factors; such trends can be + or -

Question 19

Senescence

Answer 19

Biological changes in later adulthood

Question 20

Sexual dimorphism

Answer 20

Diff in physical traits between males and females in a species

Question 21

Skin reflectance

Answer 21

Refers to the amount of light reflected from the skin that can be measured and used to assess skin color

Question 22

Sun protection factor

SPF

Answer 22

Rating calculated by comparing time needed for protected skin to burn and time needed for unprotected skin to burn

Question 23

Total daily energy expediture TDEE

Answer 23

Number of calories used by an organism’s body during a 24-hr period

Question 24

Type 2 Diabetes

Answer 24

Body doesn’t produce insulin, causing a buildup of glucose in the cells

Question 25

Vasoconstriction

Answer 25

Decrease in blood vessel’s diameter due to the action of a nerve or of a drug; it can also occur in response to cold temps.

Question 26

Vasodilation

Answer 26

Increase in blood vessel diameter due to action of a nerve or of a drug; can also occur in response to hot temps.

Question 27

Wolff’s Law

Answer 27

Principle that bone is placed in the direction of functional demand; bone develops where needed and recedes where not