Chapter 4: Genes and Their Evolution: Population Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

Abnormal hemoglobin

A

Hemoglobin altered so that it is less efficient in binding to and carrying oxygen

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2
Q

Admixture

A

Exchange of genetic material between two or more populations

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3
Q

Anthropogenic

A

Refers to any effect caused by humans

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4
Q

Balanced polymorphism

A

Situation in which selection maintains two or more phenotypes for a specific gene in a population

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5
Q

Capillaries

A

Small blood vessels between the terminal ends of arteries and the veins

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6
Q

Deme

A

A local population of organisms that have similar genes, interbreed, and produce offspring

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7
Q

Directional selection

A

Selection favors one allele over others, causing allele frequency to shift in one direction

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8
Q

Disruptive selection

A

Selection for both extremes of the phenotypic distribution; may eventually lead to a speciation event

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9
Q

Endogamous

A

Breeding stays within the population

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10
Q

Equilibrium

A

Stability & balance

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11
Q

Exogamous

A

Breed outside of population

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12
Q

Fitness

A

Avg number of offspring produced by parents with a particular genotype compared to that of another

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13
Q

Founder effect

A

Accumulation of random genetic changes in a small population that has become isolated from the parent population due to input of only a few colonizers

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14
Q

Frameshift mutation

A

The change in a gene due to the insertion or deletion of one or more nitrogen bases, which causes the subsequent triplets to be rearranged and the codons to be read incorrectly during translation

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15
Q

Gene pool

A

All the genetic info in the breeding population

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16
Q

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase G6PD

A

An enzyme that aids in the proper functioning of red blood cells; it’s deficiency, a genetic condition, leads to hemolytic anemia

17
Q

Hardy-Weinberg law of equilibrium

A

Mathematical model in population genetics that reflects the relationship between frequencies of alleles and of genotypes; it can be used to determine whether a population is undergoing evolutionary changes

18
Q

Hemoglobinopathies

A

A group of related genetic blood diseases characterized by abnormal hemoglobin

19
Q

Hemolytic anemias

A

Conditions of insufficient iron in the blood due to the destruction of red blood cells resulting from genetic blood diseases, toxins, or infectious pathogens

20
Q

Huntington’s chorea

A

A rare genetic disease in which the CNS degenerates and the individual loses control over voluntary movements, with the symptoms often appearing between ages 30-50

21
Q

Induced mutations

A

Mutations in the DNA due to toxic chemicals or radiation exposure

22
Q

Klinefelter’s syndrome

A

Gives males an extra X chromosome (XXY) and reduces fertility

23
Q

Macroevolution

A

Large-scale evolution over hundreds or thousands of years

24
Q

Melanic

A

Darker due to high melanin concentrations

25
Q

Microevolution

A

Small-scale evolution, such as changes in allele frequency, from one generation to the next

26
Q

Mutagens

A

Substances that may induce genetic mutations

27
Q

Nonsynonymous point mutations

A

A point mutation that creates a triplet coded to produce a different amino acid from that of the original triplet

28
Q

Point mutations

A

Replacement of a single nitrogen base w another, which may affect the amino acid coded

29
Q

Positive selection

A

Process in which advantageous genetic variants quickly increase in frequency in a population

30
Q

Reproductive isolation

A

Any circumstance that prevents two populations from interbreeding

31
Q

Sickle-cell anemia

A

Genetic blood disease in which the red blood cells become deformed and sickle-shaped, decreasing their ability to carry oxygen to tissues

32
Q

Spontaneous mutations

A

Random changes in DNA that occurs during cell division

33
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

Selection against the extremes of phenotypic distribution, decreasing the genetic diversity for this trait in the population

34
Q

Synonymous point mutation

A

Neutral mutation, same amino acid is coded

35
Q

Thalassemia

A

Genetic blood disease in which the hemoglobin is improperly synthesized, causing the red blood cells to have a much shorter life span

36
Q

Transposable elements

A

Mobile pieces of DNA that can copy themselves into entirely new areas of the chromosomes