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S23 Anthropology 2200H > Chapter 3: Genetics and Genomics: Reproducing Life and Producing Variation > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Genetics and Genomics: Reproducing Life and Producing Variation Flashcards

1
Q

What is genetic code?

A

DNA packaged in chromosomes

Nuclear DNA provides most genetic code

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2
Q

What does genetic code (DNA) do?

A
  1. Serves as the chemical template for its own replication and the creation of proteins
  2. First step in cell reproduction
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3
Q

What is the genetic basis for human variation?

A
  1. Genes are linear sequences of nucleotides that code for specific body structures and functions
  2. Each gene has a locus on each chromosome
  3. Each pair of chromosomes has a paternal and a maternal chromosome
  4. Genotypes are pased on two alleles and are expressed physically as phenotypes
  5. Most physical characteristics rely on multiple genes
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4
Q

Amino acids

A

Organic molecules combined in a specific sequence by the ribosomes to form a protein

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5
Q

Autosomes

A

All non-sex chromosomes that occur in pairs in all somatic cells

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6
Q

Codons

A

The sequences of 3 nitrogen bases carried by mRNA that are coded to produce specific amino acids in protein synthesis

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7
Q

Crossing-over

A

Process by which homologous chromosomes partially wrap around each other and exchange genetic info during meiosis

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8
Q

Diploid

A

Cell with a full complement of paired chromosomes

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9
Q

Epigenetic

A

Refers to chemical changes in the genome affecting how the underlying DNA is used in production of proteins, but without altering the DNA sequences

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10
Q

Gametes

A

Sexual reproductive cells, contain haploid number of chromosomes

Pair with other gametes during reproduction to form new organism

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11
Q

Genome

A

Complete set of genetic information for an organism or species that represents all inheritable traits

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12
Q

Haploid

A

Cell that has a single set of unpaired chromosomes

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13
Q

Haplogroups

A

Large set of haplotypes that may be used to define a population

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14
Q

Heterozygous

A

Condition in which the two alleles of a pair are different

AB for example

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15
Q

Homeotic (Hox) genes

A

Responsible for differentiating the specific segments of the body, such as the head, tail, and limbs, during embryological development

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16
Q

Homologous

A

Refers to each set of paired chromosomes in the genome

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17
Q

Homoplasmic

A

Refers to nuclear DNA, which is identical to the nucleus of each cell type

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18
Q

Homozygous

A

Condition in which the two alleles of a pair are the same

AA or aa for example

19
Q

Karyotype

A

Characteristics of the chromosomes for an individual organism or a species such as number, size, and type

Typically presented as a photograph of someone’s chromosomes that have been arranged in homologous pairs and put in numeric order by size

20
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

Mendel’s second law, which asserts that the inheritance of one trait does not affect the inheritance of other traits

21
Q

Law of segregation

A

Mendel’s first law, which asserts that the two alleles for any given gene (or trait ) are inherited, one from each parent; during gamete production, only one of the two alleles will be present in each ovum or sperm.

22
Q

Locus

A

Location on a chromosome of a specific gene

23
Q

Meiosis

A

Production of gametes through one DNA replication and two cell (and nuclear) divisions, creating four haploid gametic cells

24
Q

Microsatellites

Short tandem repeats STRs

A

Sequences of repeated base pairs of DNA, usually no more than 2-6

If repeated excessively, they are often associated with neurologic disorders like Huntington’s chorea

25
Q

Mitochondria

A

Organells with their own DNA that produce energy ATP

26
Q

Mitosis

A

Process of cellular and nuclear division that creates two identical diploid daughter cells

27
Q

Nondisjunctions

A

Failure of the chromosomes to properly segregate during meiosis, creating some gametes with abnormal numbers of chromosomes

28
Q

Nucleotide

A

Building block of DNA and RNA, composed of sugar, phosphate group, and one of four nitrogen bases (A, T, G, C)

29
Q

Pleiotropy

A

A single gene can have multiple effects

30
Q

Polygenic

A

One phenotypic trait is affected by 2+ genes

31
Q

Polymorphism

A

Refers to the presence of two or more alleles at a locus and where the frequency of the alleles is greater than 1% in the population

32
Q

Recombination

A

Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes due to a crossover event

33
Q

Regulatory genes

A

Determine when structural genes and other regulatory genes are turned on/off for protein synthesis

34
Q

Replication

A

Process of copying nuclear DNA prior to cell division so that each new daughter cell receives a complete complement of DNA

35
Q

Ribonucleic acid RNA

A

Single-strand molecule involved in protein synthesis, consissts of phosphate, ribose sugar, and one of four N bases

36
Q

Ribosomes

A

Organelles attached to the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum, located in the cytoplasm of a cell

Site of protein synthesis

37
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

Pair of chromosomes that determine biological sex

XX or XY

38
Q

Single nucleotide polymorphisms SNPs

A

Variations in the DNA sequence due to the change of a single N base

39
Q

Somatic cells

A

Diploid cells that form organs, tissues, and other body parts

40
Q

Structural genes

A

Genes coded to produce particular enzymes, hormones, etc.

41
Q

Transcription

A

1st step of protein synthesis, involves creation of mRNA based on the DNA template

42
Q

Translation

A

2nd step of protein synthesis, involves transfer of amino acids by tRNA to the ribosomes, which are then added to the protein chain

43
Q

Translocations

A

Rearrangements of chromosomes due to the insertion of genetic material from one chromosome to another

44
Q

Zygote

A

The cell that results from egg fertilization

S23 Anthropology 2200H (7 decks)

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