Chapter 5: Biological Systems + Endocrine System Flashcards
Order for cell level complexity
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Systems
Vascular plants
Contain vascular tissue which is responsible for transporting water and minerals through the plant
Non-vascular plants
Only require simplified tissues to function, such as moss
Types of vascular plant cells
Xylem
Phloem
Sclerenchyma
Collenchyma
Parenchyma
Vascular plant tissues
Dermal tissue
Ground tissue
Dermal tissue
Refers to the single layer of cells surrounding the plant, acting as a physical barrier
Ground tissue
Makes up the majority of the interior of the plant and carry out metabolic functions
Plant Organs
Leaves
Flowers
Fruits
Stems
Roots
The root system
Typically underground
Absorbs water and nutrients from the soil for the plant
Provides structure to the plant
The shoot system
Made up of the reproductive (fruit and flowers) and non-reproductive (leaves and stems) systems
Four major animal tissue types
Muscle
Nerves
Connective
Epithelial
Digestive system
Breaks down and processes food to be used by the body
Eliminates food waste that is not digested via egestion
Excretory system
Removes waste substances from the blood via secretion
Also assists in the water control in the body
Endocrine system
Responsible for the production and secretion of hormones which control and regulate bodily processes
Terrestrial plants
Require a water supply, carbon dioxide and sunlight to survive
Aquatic plants
Require carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and oxygen for respiration
Non-vascular plants
Plants that don’t produce seeds don’t have a vascular system such as moss
Vascular plants
Plants that produce seeds have a vascular system such as flowers and fruit
The shoot system
All organs that are found above ground are a
part of the shoot system (stem, leaves and reproductive systems)
Responsible for transportation of resources, the absorption of oxygen and carbon dioxide, reproduction and photosynthesis
The root system
All organs found below the ground such as roots and root hairs
Responsible for absorbing water and nutrients from the soil
Vascular tissue
Primary components are the xylem and phloem
Xylem
Responsible for transporting water and dissolved nutrients up the stem of a plant away from the roots
Water passes up by root pressure and transpiration
Dead cell, creates structure for the plants
Phloem
Responsible for carrying organic nutrients throughout any part of the plant, sucrose in particular
Phloem cells are living, the innermost layer
What are the 2 types of phloem cells?
Sieve tubes
Companion cells
Sieve tubes
They are long, thin phloem cells with large pores through the cell walls at either end
Companion cells
Found beside the sieve tubes
They control the activity of the sieve tubes as they don’t have an nuclei or organelles
Adhesion
Waters natural tendency to climb certain substances
Xylem vessels are quite narrow and water is able to climb through alone for the most part
Cohesion
The forces of attraction between the water molecules to pull themselves up
Transpiration
The constant movement of water upwards driven by the evaporation of water in leaves
Transpiration stream
The continuous movement of water through the plant
Transpiration pull
The process where water is vertically pulled up the xylem
Stomata
Small pores that provide openings in the epidermis and cuticle
Main function is to allow gases to move rapidly in and out of the leaf
Guard cells
Guard cells help regulate the rate of transpiration by opening and closing the stomata
Endocrine system
Responsible for producing hormones and signalling molecules
Signalling molecules
Can instruct cells to alter genes expression, open and close channels, release other signalling molecules or even die
Hormones
One of the most important types of signalling molecules as they allow growth, metabolise and the ability to maintain a stable internal environment
