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PSYC-2600 > Chapter 5: Attention > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Attention Flashcards

1
Q

Salience

A

refers to how prominent or noticeable a stimulus is

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2
Q

what can affect salience of a stimulus?

A

loud sound, brightness, movement within static surroundings, touch or pain.

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3
Q

a salient stimuli can grab attention with:

A

very little concious effort

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4
Q

what is attentional capture

A

the fact that certain stimuli can grab attention with very little conscious effort given that it has enough salience.

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5
Q

T/F: we must be able to attent to some stimuli while ignoring otheres.

A

true. if we attended to everything to the same degree, we’d be really slow and overwhelmed.

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6
Q

3 types of theories

A

1) early filter theory
2) late filter theory
3) spot light theory.

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7
Q

Who proposed the early filter theory?

A

allen BROADBENT

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8
Q

What is the early filter theory?

A

the idea that there is an ATTENTIONAL FILTER that only allows certain info through for further processing.

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9
Q

Explain the flow chart for early filter theory

A

1) inputs= all messages, attended and unattended
2) SELECTIVE FILTER: based on physical properties. SITE OF BOTTLE NECK

3) higher level processing (not everything gets to this step)
4) working memory.

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10
Q

the selective filter in early filter theory discriminates inputs based on:

A

physical properties.(loudness, brightness, relativity etc)>

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11
Q

the dichotic listening task was used by ____ to test early filter theory

A

BROADBENT

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12
Q

explain the parameters of the dichotic listening task

A

participants wore headphones and head different input messages in each ear. they were instructed to pay attention to the message from only one of the inputs.

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13
Q

how were participants ensured to be paying attention during the dichotic listening task?

A

they were given a shadow task. they had to repeat back word for word that was on the attended channgel.

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14
Q

what is the attended channel? the unattended channel?

A

attended channeL: input that is being paid attention to

unattended channel: the ignored input

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15
Q

what were the results of the dichotic listening task that solidified the early filter theory?

A

showed that very little of unattended message is considered.

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16
Q

how was the unattended line tested during the dichotic listening task?

A

the person was required to press a key when they heard the word “green” in either ear, even though they were instructure to attend to one channel. The attended ear had 87% accuracy, and the unattended had 8% accuracy, indicating that the unattended channel was NOT making its way through the selective filter as well as the attended channel.

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17
Q

explain the invisible gorilla experiment

A

participants were instructed to keep track of ball players in white shirts. White shirts were the attended group. Intent on focussin on white shirts, they were oblivious to what the black shirt players were doing. They also failed to see the black gorilla stroll through the scene because it was associated with the UNATTENDED channel

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18
Q

Cocktail party effect

A

words of personal importance are often noticed even in the unattended line, even though the rest of the unattended channel is perceived as an undifferentiated blur.

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19
Q

Who proposed the late filter theory

A

deutsch and deutsch.

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20
Q

What is the hypothesis of the late filter theory?

A

the belief that all info gets processed for meaning, but unimportant info does not enter short-term storage. Ie, there is NO SELECTIVE FILTER.

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21
Q

explain the flow/outline of the late filter theory

A

all inputs —> EXTRACTION OF ALL PROPERTIES —> availability for report or short term memory (not everything makes it to that stage though)

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22
Q

In contrast to Broadbents Filter model, what did triesman’s work show? explain her experiments

A

Treisman used 2 messages played simultaneously like the dichotic listening task, and participants were told to shadow the message in the right ear only. Participants were still able to identify the contents of the unattended message, indicating that the unattended message was still able to process the meaning of both attended and unattended message.

therefore, according to Triesmans work and the late filter theory, the unattended channel is ATTENUATED rather than ELIMINATED.

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23
Q

Broadbents filter is not adequate because it does not allow for ___- to be taken into account

A

MEMORY.

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24
Q

Treisman’s filter _____ rather than ____ the unattended material

A

Treisman’s filter ATTENUATES rather than ELIMINATES the unattended material.

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25
Q

What is the spotlight theory of attention?

A

attention to a visual scene is controlled and directed like a spotlight. The attentional success is subject to factors other than those related to the stimulus.

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26
Q

how can the spotlight theory of attention be studied?

A

using eye tracking. We focus on one thing and move around an image.

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27
Q

Alternative aspects rather than the stimulus itself that may affect where the spot light is focused

A

1) goals and intentions
2) enduring dispositions
3) current level of motivation.

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28
Q

What is happening when someone primes their attention?

A

we can prepare ourselves for perceiving certain stimuli. The detectors become on high alert after being primed.

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29
Q

priming can be sometimes _____-driven or _____-driven. Differentiate the two

A

stimulus driven: produced by stimuli you’ve encoutered in the past. Takes no effort and requires no resources

Expectation-driven: can deliberately prime detectors for inputs that are upcoming

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30
Q

how can the effects of priming be measured?

A

Through response times.

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31
Q

Explain the results of the arrow-stimulus priming experiment.

A

people had shorter reaction times in detecting the square boxes if primed with an arrow pointing to the direction where the box was supposed to appear.

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32
Q

when priming one’s attention for objects with a light, if a cur was given to a specific region of the object, that region will be:

A

the first to be looked at when the object reappears. Also will have a shorter response time than other portions or other objects.

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33
Q

___ ___ such as degrees of ___ ___ ____ all influence how well someone pays attention to scenes

A

Environmental Regularities such as degrees of naturalness, openness, color qualities all influence how well you pay attention to scenes.

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34
Q

Semantic Regularities

A

Characteristics that are associated with the functions carried out in different scenes. ex/ if you think of “kitchen,” you assume that an oven will be a part of the scene.

people will try and force an unrecognizable image into the environment depending on the context.

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35
Q

gist

A

the first aspect of a scene that is perceived. The basic premise of a scene.

36
Q

T/F We are more likely to recognize and correctly identify a scene that contains natural elements rather than geometric shapes

A

true

37
Q

inattentional Blindness

A

we attend to what we expect to see, and unexpected events may go unnoticed.

38
Q

According to inattentional blindness, we __ __ the ___ in our visual world.

A

fill in the blanks. for example: looking at a screen with different lines and being instructed to determine which line is longer. Occasionally a random geometric shape may appear for a split second, but many people do not realize the shape even appeared because they were busy trying to complete the task. They were inattentionally blinded.

39
Q

T/F reaction times increase MORE if you add a distraction to an easy task rather than a hard task. Why?

A

TRUE. the effect of distraction is GREATER on the easy task due to LOAD THEORY OF ATTENTION.

40
Q

What is the load theory of attention?

A

the theory that we have a “set amount” of attentional resources that we can devote to a specific task.

41
Q

A harder task is considered to be a __ ___ task and needs MORE ATTENTIONAL RESOURCES

A

high load task

42
Q

an easy task is considered to be a ___ ___ task and thus there are:

A

an easy task is considered to be a LOW LOAD task and thus there are more resources of attention OPEN to distraction because they are not all being in vested in the primary task.

43
Q

what is the feature integration theory and the 3 stages of the feature integration theory

A

the FIT theory is that we see everything in features and then we put all the features together.

the object goes through3 stages;

1) preattentive stage: see things in a series of features
2) focussed attention stage: cumulate all features
3) perception: assign meaning.

44
Q

explain the geometric shape experiment that tested feature integration theory

A

a bunch of random shapes with numbers on either side of the screen was flashed. Objective is to see which numbers appear on the right or left, while looking at the center of the screen (filled with geometric shapes). In order to focus on the numbers, the burst of geometric shapes remain in the PREATTENTIVE STAGE, while the numbers move through through to the PERCEPTIVE stage.

If asked to describe the shapes, they may just be rudimentarily described but they weren’t fully perceived.

45
Q

in the geometric shape experiment that tested feature integration theory, what may happen to the shapes if asked to describe them?

A

they may experience ILLUSORY CONJUNCTIONS: combining the different features of shapes, because they weren’t all indivisually perceived.

46
Q

automatic vs controlled processing

A

automatic: impulsively processed, no control

controlled processing: concious and effortful.

47
Q

the Stroop task interferes with:

How does the stroop task work?

A

the fact that we automatically read things on a screen when it appears.

Stroop tasks works by presenting both congruent words and noncongruent words (the word “BLUE” written in red).

The stroop tasks tries to inhibit an automatic process of reading the color. You need to say the color that the word is written IN rather than reading the color-word itself.

48
Q

two tasks that can test automatic and controlled processes

A

1) stroop tasks

2) practice theory/muscle memory tasks.

49
Q

What is the practice theory?

A

mainly applies to primarily motor related tasks; if you practice a controlled tasks enough, it becomes an automatic process for you.

50
Q

what is the heaviest organ of the body?

A

the skin

51
Q

2 receptors below the skin

A

1) mechanoreceptors: sensory receptors for pressure and TOUCH
2) nociceptors: sensory receptors for HEAT AND PAIN.

52
Q

which receptors in the skin are detect regular sensory info?

A

mechanoreceptors.

53
Q

the pain signals travel up to the OUTER part of the brain to the ___ cortex and ___ cortex.

A

motor cortex and the sensory cortex. (The left hemisphere of the motor cortex controls the body’s right side, and the left hemisphere of the sensory cortex receives input from the body’s right side)

54
Q

INSIDE the ___ cortex, lies the Homonculus.

A

somatosensory cotex.

55
Q

if a part is more sensitive, a ___ ___ is taken up on the somatosensory cortex homunculus

A

GREATER AREA

56
Q

Explain the direct pathway model

A

nociceptors are stimulated and send signals up to the spinal cord to the brain. Very straightforward and purely physiological.

57
Q

shortcomings of the direct pathway model

A

1) not all pain in physiological.
2) pain can be enhanced or suppressed by a person’s attentional state.
2) placebo and nocebo effects can play a role.

58
Q

placebo vs nocebo effect

A

placebo: expectations lead to a POSITIVE EFFECT that the “treatment” will do what its supposed to.

Nocebo: expecations lead to a NEGATIVE effect. the expectation that a treatment WONT WORK stops it from actually working.

59
Q

2 models of pain

A

1) direct pathway model

2) gate control model

60
Q

the ___ ___ model of pain can explain the placebo and nocebo effect. how?

A

the gate control model.

Mechanoreceptors monitor neutral touch stimuli and causes “PAIN” gates to close; no pain is felt.

Nociceptor activation opens the “pain gate” and pain is felt via activation of TRANSMISSION CELL.

This gate keeping can be modulated by CENTRAL OCNTROL. We can reduce the amount of transmission cell activation by the nociceptors by activating the mechanoreceptors, (through rubbing), and helps close the pain gate.

61
Q

the mechanoreceptors ____ the pain gate

A

close the pain gate

62
Q

nociceptor activation ____ the pain gate, and ___ cells are activated

A

OPENS the pain gate, and TRANSMISSION cells are activated, triggering pain perception.

63
Q

in amputees, the more limb they have of the remaining leg, the ___ phantom limb pain they may experience.

A

more phantom limb pain.

64
Q

What is cerebral laterization?

A

our brain is laterally organized. We have a left and right hemisphere connected by the corpus calloseum. Whatever sensory input happens on the right side, processes occur in the left side.

65
Q

T/F: Daily lives require both hemispheres and fast transfer of info

A

true.

66
Q

___ ___ allows us to concentrate at two tasks at once.

A

cerebral lateralization

67
Q

trying to do 2 things at the same time that use the same ____ may result in ____ due to overload.

A

trying to do 2 things at the same time that use the same MODALITIES may result in INTERFERENCE due to overload.

68
Q

communication between the hemispheres requires fast transfer via the ___ ___

A

corpus callosum

69
Q

typically, the 2 hemispheres are the same, except the ___ and ___ areas are CONCENTRATED in the RIGHT hemisphere.

A

Verbal and speech areas

70
Q

our “spatial arrangement” of the world is located primarily in the __ hemisphere.

A

right

71
Q

In terms of divided attention, cerebral lateralization allows us to ____

A

multitask.

72
Q

divided attention still results in reduced __ ___, which is why you shouldn’t talk on the cellphone and drive, even though two different modalities are being used (motor and verbal)

A

REDUCED REACTION TIME.

73
Q

the ability to process verbal info happens in the ___ hemisphere

A

left

74
Q

If given two different gradients (see slide 49), which gradient is considered to be darker even though they are the same?

A

the darker square is considered to be the one on top because the dark spots are localized on the LEFT side of the rectangle.

75
Q

a person may experience spatial neglect if they suffer from a stroke on the ___ hemisphere PARIETAL LOBE. What happens in this scenario?

A

right hemisphere parietal lobe. People literally neglect drawing or paying attention to the left side of their surroundings because the left-processing center is in the RIGHT part of the brain.

76
Q

What is split brain surgery

A

severing of the corpus calloseum (besides the optic chiasma). Causes isolation of the left and right hemisphere.

77
Q

can a person with split brain say the a word that they read on the left visual side?

A

a person will see the word “cow” and it will go to the right side of the brain through the optic nerve to the right visual processing area. In order for speech to be produced, the stimulus must move to the LEFT SIDE. But it CANT because the corpus calloseum is severed. Therefore, a person can see whats on the left side of their visual field but they cannot verbalize it.

78
Q

How is natural split brain beneficial in some species like birds?

A

the lack of corpus callosum prevents fast transfer of information between the left and right hemispheres. In birds, the sides of their brain have distinct tasks and their lateralization allow for MULTITASKING (rather than humans, whose hemispheres do the same thing essentially).

the right side of a bird brain is involved with maintaining predatory vigilance. the left side of the bird brain is involved in distinguishing pebbles from actual seed.

in order to develop the natural split brain, the egg must be exposed to light. if the egg is not exposed to light, the brain will NOT BECOME LATERALIZED and the chick will not be able to maintain predatory vigilance or distinguish pebbles from bird seed at the same time.

79
Q

the visual cortex projects signals along two general pathways:

A

1) the dorsal pathway

2) the ventral pathway

80
Q

explain the dorsal pathway in terms of the visual cortex.

A

dorsal pathway is the SPATIAL PATHWAY towards the parietal lobe. determines how we will REACT to the visual stimulus “where and how pathway”

81
Q

explain the ventral pathway in terms of the visual cortex

A

the visual cortex projects to the TEMPORAL LOBE. determines how we will RECOGNIZE the sensory input. the “what” pathway.

82
Q

what is an affordance

A

we recognize what the object is and you also think about how you use the object.

83
Q

how is “affordance” supported?

A

neuroimaging experiments. When provided with a random object, the object is seen (occipital lobe), but the parietal lobe (DORSAL PATHWAY) also lights up, indicating that the brain is thinking of what we do with the visual information “where and how”

84
Q

What will the results be of a letter and mail slot task if a person has damage to the ventral pathway and not the dorsal pathway?

A

the person will not be able to orient the letter without putting it in the mail box. They do not have the “what”/recognition capability.

The person will be able to put the letter in the mailbox at the proper orientation normally though. This indiciates that her dorsal/SPATIAL (parietal) pathway is intact.

85
Q

typically, people are ____ tricked, but not tricked ____

A

typically, people can be VENTRALLY tricked (tricked in terms of visual input “what”) (you might look at a letter and think it doesn’t fit because you can’t orient things in your mind that well)

, but NOT DORSALLY tricked (if you physically do something with the visual info, like put the letter in the slot, you know it will fit)

PSYC-2600 (10 decks)

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