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PSYC-2600 > CHAPTER 10: Auditory Cognition, Speech, and Language > Flashcards

CHAPTER 10: Auditory Cognition, Speech, and Language Flashcards

1
Q

2 properties of soundwaves

A

1) frequency (PITCH)

2) Amplitude (LOUDNESS)

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2
Q

Low frequency results in the perception of a

A

low PITCHED sound

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3
Q

what range of frequency do we lose as we get older?

A

higher frequencies

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4
Q

TF: Loudness in entirely based on amplitude

A

false. Frequency (pitch) also affects amplitude. If a bass and violin are played at the same amplitude, the HIGHER frequency instrument is louder even if played at the SAME LOW volume as all other instruments. But if high and low frequency instruments are all played really loudly, all intstruments are perceived to be the same.

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5
Q

How do we detect sounds in a 3D plane

A

1) Azimuth: left and right orientation
2) elevation plane: sounds above and below us
3) Distance plane: sounds infront of behind us.

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6
Q

2 types of auditory localization cues

A

1) interaural time difference: sound hits closest ear first before moving to other ear. Difference in time between the ears allows brain to determine which direction the sound is coming from.
2) Interaural LEVEL difference. Sound that enters the secondary ear will be slightly lower pitch compared to the first ear because the head is has casted an AUDITORY SHADOW and partially blocked the sound waves.

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7
Q

During interaural level differences, sound that enters the secondary ear will be slightly ___ in PITCH compared to the first ear because the head is has casted an ____ ____ and partially blocked the sound waves.

A

Sound that enters the secondary ear will be slightly lower pitch compared to the first ear because the head is has casted an AUDITORY SHADOW and partially blocked the sound waves.

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8
Q

Which part of the 3D auditory plane do ITDs and ILDs function best on?

A

good for detection of cues that are relatively on the same plane as ears. Hard to use LTD or ITD for sounds coming above or below you.

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9
Q

What is the cone of confusion?

A

sounds above and below us have the same ILD and ITD.

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10
Q

If we have a cone of confustion that makes sounds coming above and below us have the same ILD and ITD, how are we able to distinguish where the sound is coming from?

A

because of SPECTRAL CUES. Sounds that come from above you have a different bounce pattern inside the ear. Allos us to differentiate sounds on the elevation coordinate.

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11
Q

If you alter the shape of the ear (pinna), localization of sound on which plane is compromised? Is it permanent?

A

the ELEVATION PLANE. Hard to distinguish sounds above and below us because we rely on spectral cues.

this is not permanent phenomenon. If the ear is permanently altered, adaptation to ear shape occurs and the person can localize sounds on the elevation plane again.

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12
Q

acoustics of a room is based on ___ ___. Good acoustics = ____ time.

A

acoustics of a room is based on REVERBERATION TIME. Good acoustics = LONG REVERBERATION time. The sound stays along longer and sounds deeper. Lots of echo.

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13
Q

Precedence Effect

A

Sound that enters the ear first is perceived as the place that the sound is coming from. The second sound may be perceived as an echo. (or not perceived at all)

we can distinguish source sounds and sounce that bounced off the wall and they are perceived as an echo.

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14
Q

The precedence effect is seen more prominently in____ frequency sounds

A

higher frequency sounds. This is because the ILD in higher frequency sounds can be further distinguished than lower frequency sounds, which can move through objects and aren’t as susceptible to pitch disruption.

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15
Q

2 primary higher brain areas that control speech production and comprehension

A

1) broca’s area

2) wernicke’s area

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16
Q

1 lower brain area that controls breathing for speech

A

brainstem.

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17
Q

physical characteristics of the __, __, and __ allow for complex vocalizations.

A

physical characteristics of the LUNGS, THROAT, and MOUTH allow for complex vocalizations.

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18
Q

What would happen to the way you speak if you damage the RIGHT hemisphere?

A

right hemisphere is involved in melody and pitch. damage results in speaking monotone and no inflection

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19
Q

Which hemisphere of the brain houses the broca and wernickes area?

A

the left hemisphere

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20
Q

Which part of the brain (broca or wernicke’s) develops first?

A

wernicke’s develops faster in babies. They’re taking in and understanding a lot of language before they produce their own speech (brocas0

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21
Q

brocas area is involved in ____ and ___ language. Which lobe is it located in?

A

brocas area is involved in PRODUCING and RETRIEVING language. Located in the FRONTAL lobe

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22
Q

Wernicke’s area is involved in ____ language. Which lobe is it located in?

A

Wernicke’s area is involved in UNDERSTANDING language. Located in the TEMPORAL lobe.

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23
Q

What is prosody

A

rhythmic language. the patterns of rhythm and sound used in poetry.

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24
Q

What is broca’s aphasia

A

impairment of producing language. Understands what is being said but can’t say something coherent back

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25
Q

what is wernicke’s aphasia

A

impairment to understand what is being said, but can produce words

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26
Q

Conduction aphaisa

A

inability to repeat a phrase that was just said to them.

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27
Q

stuttering is caused by a disruption in the ____ ___ feedback loop

A

auditory-motor feedback loop. You get stuck on a sound, and cannot move forward.

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28
Q

when may an adult develop a stutter?

A

adult onset deafness disrupts the auditory feedback loop and may lose the ability to speak properly because they cannot hear their own voice.

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29
Q

How can you treat stuttering?

A

through delayed auditory feedback. Words echoed back to them.

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30
Q

What is the choral speech effect?

A

people with stutters can sing normally in a choir because other people are providing input into the motor feedback loop.

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31
Q

Why may singing help treat stuttering and broca’s aphasia?

A

because singing violates the ruls of fluid speech. You reallows to extend words longer (language is more flexible)

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32
Q

What kind of training helps treat stuttering with a metronome?

A

rhythmic speech training

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33
Q

According to the Source Filter Theory, where is speech produced?

A

theory predicts that language results because of air being pushed up from the lungs into the LARYNX. Air pushes past the VOCAL CORDS into the VOCAL TRACT.

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34
Q

air being pushed up from the lungs into the ____ . Air pushes past the _____ _____ into the ____ ____

A

air being pushed up from the lungs into the LARYNX. Air pushes past the VOCAL CORDS into the VOCAL TRACT.

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35
Q

3 main word articulators

A

1) lips
2) teeth
3) tongue

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36
Q

entire vocal tract is formed by __ ___ and ___

A

soft tissue and cartilage.

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37
Q

What is voiced sound?

A

any sound that vibrates the vocal chords. ex/ hissing is not a voiced sound

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38
Q

What is language

A

an organized system of meaninful sounds, words or gestures to communicate and convey thoughts and intentions that a listener can understand.

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39
Q

____ shuts our vocal tract when eating to prevent choking

A

epiglottis.

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40
Q

Why are we able to produce more sounds than chimps, who also have a vocal tract and articulators? What is dangerous about this adaptation?

A

We have a lower set vocal tract and vocal cord, which allows us to produce a variety of sounds. But, it makes us susceptible to choking. However, our epiglottis reflex prevents choking.

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41
Q

a hoarse voice is caused by

A

an inflammation of vocal cords which prevents them from CLOSING ALL THE WAY.

42
Q

human language is dependent on 3 factors;

A

1) vocal tract
2) higher brain areas; fast and sophisticated processing needed
3) length of developmental period. (childhood)
- we aren’t in a rush to speak, allows increased developmntal stage to allow brain structures to grow

43
Q

4 properties of language

A

1) symbolic: sounds are connected to a symbol/letter
2) semantic: sounds have meaning
3) generative: limited number of symbols can create an unlimited # of words
4) structured: sounds must be placed and said in a specific order.

44
Q

Smallest unit of sound that makes meaning different. What does this include?

A

PHONEME. Includes Major vowel, consonant, and letter combination sounds (ch, th)

45
Q

What is a phonetic vowel? What physically happens when someone pronounces a phonetic vowel?

A

sounds that sound like vowels (ooooh, aaahh). Pronouncing a phonetic vowel OPENS THE VOCAL CORDS

46
Q

Sounds aare defined by place of ____

A

articulation

47
Q

What is a phonetic consonant? What physically happens when someone pronounces a phonetic consonant?

A

a short and curt sound that is located on theUPPER part of the vocal tract. CLOSES the VOCAL CORDS.

48
Q

Difference between morpheme and phonemes

A

phonemes is the smallest unit of SOUND that makes meaning different

morpheme is a smallest unit of MEANING in a language

ex/ words can contain one or more morphemes. Guard has one morpheme, but unfriendly has 3 morphemes that contribute to the meaning of the entire word.

49
Q

What is syntax? What does syntax require?

A

the STRUCTURE of language. Combining all the sounds in a specific order according to RULES.

Syntax requires more sophisticated brain regions.

50
Q

Pragmatics

A

unwritten rules and phrases of language, differs between countries and cultures. ex/ slang

51
Q

brain regions require exposure to language at the __ ___

A

critical period

52
Q

what is receptive vocabulary

A

what babies are hearing. Much more intensice in babies than productive vocabulary, because brocas region develops later.

53
Q

why is babbling so important in babies?

A

babbling is important because they’re experimenting with phonemes of their language.

54
Q

When does a “vocabulary spurt” happen in a child?

A

occurs between 18-24 months.

before, the vocabulary of words slowly expands.

55
Q

What is the underlying factor in the vocabulary spurt that babies undergo?

A

FAST MAPPING. the vocabulary spurt coincides with increased motor ability; they can map out their environment and identify other objects.

56
Q

what is “underextension” that is seen in toddlers when they are learning words

A

an undergeneralization. Object must fit the schema perfectly for them to realize that the object is what it is (ex/ only a specific doll is a doll. No other doll is a doll)

57
Q

What is “over extension” that is seen in toddlers when they are learning words

A

an overgeneralization. Infant may think anything round is ball.

58
Q

By the age of 3, toddlers often show over-regularizations, what is htis?

A

errors based on exceptions of speech in which plural and tense forms don’t conform. “the girl goed home”

59
Q

3 primary theories of language aquisition

A

1) skinner’s behaviorist theory
2) Noam Chomsky’s Nativist theory
3) Interactionist theories

60
Q

Outline Skinner’s theory of language acquisition. Problems?

A

“language is a product of environmental exposure that is refined through positive and negative reinforcement.”

expectation: children in enriched environments will be overwhelmingly more sophistiacted in their language than poor children. But this was not seen.

61
Q

Nativist Theory of Noam Chomsky

A

“we are all born to speak languages” aka the GENERATIVE NATURE OF LANGUAGE. Pace of language acquisition in children is consistent across all rearing conditions and across cultures.

62
Q

Outline the interactionist theories

A

involves biology AND EXPERIENCE. kind of a combination of behaviorist and nativist theories.

the idea that neuroanatomy of language is pre-wired from birth, and then develops and expands with experience.

63
Q

What is speech segmentation

A

we are able to perceive speech to be parsed into separate words and pauses in between even though there is actually no clear boundary between phonemes, syllables or words.

64
Q

We rely more on ___ cues when auditory signals are ambiguous

A

VISUAL CUES (aka lip reading)

65
Q

What is the McGirk Effect

A

we put priority on what we see rather than what we hear, which makes us perceive a sound differently than what is actually is.

66
Q

Eye movements during reading is a series of ___ and ___

A

saccades and fixations

67
Q

what are saccades

A

movement from one point to another with NO INFO BEING PROCESSED

68
Q

what are fixations (in terms of eye movements)

A

brief pauses to take in information; length depends on task and properties of material.

69
Q

When looking at something (reading) what would results in a longer fixation period?

A

unfamiliar or longer words. Fixations occur when you are taking in information. So if something is unfamiliar or a large word, it will take longer.

70
Q

When reading, which kind of words aren’t fixated on at all?

A

FUNCTION WOrDS; bridges to main words, like (the, to and etc).

71
Q

when reading, only ___% of words are fixated

A

only 75% of words are fixated.

72
Q

What is the perceptual span

A

the nearby letters that eyes see when fixated. in english, its 3 to the left adn 15 to the right.

Tend to extend in the direction we are reading

73
Q

reading is processed in ____, we often miss errors in ___ words.

A

processed in PARALLEL. we often miss errors in FUNCTION words (we don’t fixate much on them.

74
Q

Letters are recognized in ___, and words are read as a ___

A

letters are recognized in sequence and words are read as a whole.

75
Q

when reading a word, preferential attention is allocated to which letters ?

A

the first and last letters. Automatic speed of fluent reading requires that we make fast inferences.

76
Q

eye movements are different in a normal reader vs a dyslexic reader.

Dyslexic individuals may have more __ ___.

A

regressive saccades; eye movements that move backwards.

77
Q

Dyslexic readers have more ___ and shorter ____ than normal readers

A

Dyslexic readers have more FIXATIONS and shorter SACCADES than normal readers

78
Q

What is the dual route theory of reading?

A

Reading is a combination of visual RECOGNITION and verbal ARTICULATION.

79
Q

Dual route theory is a combination of which kind of processing?

A

1) lexical processing: letter recognition (familiar vs unfamiliar words)
2) phonological processing: sounding out words.

lexical and phonological processing is processed in parallel

80
Q

What is phonological dyslexia? How do you determine someone with phonological dyslexia?

A

the inability to sound out words. Evident with non-words. People develop their own strategies by memorizing words, but if you use non words, they won’t be able to sound it out

81
Q

what is surface dyslexia?

A

the inability/difficulty with spatial orientation of letters. Might write letters backwards/ upside down. Helps if you spread the letters out.

82
Q

dyslexia is different among languages, but it ALWAYS manifests itself in :

A

spelling mistakes

83
Q

2 major evolutionary developments in human speech and language

A

1) modulation of vocal tract and articulators; rand of dif sounds become possible
2) use of gestures; unspoken mode of communication in the absence of vocals, or could be used in conjunction with vocals to enhance the meaning of the message.

84
Q

__ ___ fire when you watch someone else perform an action

A

mirror neurons.

85
Q

In addition to watching actions, mirror neurons also allow us to process the ___ of the actions

A

INTENTIONS. the largest mirror neuron response is seen when an action is MOST CLEAR. Ie, you know the INTENTION AND CONTEXT of the action.

86
Q

What proof is there that Broca’s area is not just for the oral speech production?

A

seen in mute and deaf people, Broca’s area lights up when you are using sign language. Therefore, Broca’s area is NOT associated with mouth articulator movement, it’s completely for word and language RETRIEVAL

87
Q

T/F Gestures are always used to enhance oral messages

A

true. Helps the speaker and listener. Even blind people who are talking with other blind people use gestures, even if they can’t see it. Therefore, gestures are innate.

88
Q

Some animals emit and detect sounds beyond the range of human hearing. What is infrasonic and ultrasonic sound

A

infrasonic sound: low frequency out of human hearing range

ultrasonic sound: high frequency out of human hearing range

89
Q

Size Exaggeration Hypothesis of sound. Why?

A

the smaller the source of the object (flute), the higher the frequency, the larger the instrument, the lower the sound.

Same with humans. because larger vocal tracts allow us to produce lower frequencies.

90
Q

T/F: purring is a voiced sound

A

false. Voiced sounds need to go through the vocal chords. Purring is produced by throat muscle contraction.

91
Q

2 types of elephant vocalizations

A

1) trumpet high frequencies; alarm calls
2) rumble low frequencies; can be infrasonic, contact calls, can travel 2.5 km away.

different calls can distinguish between threat type and urgency. Elephants can also distinguish human voices.

92
Q

When elephants hear human voices that are associated with threat (massaii tribe), what behavior do they exhibit?

A

bunching and retreating defensive behavior.

93
Q

two types of whales and how they communicate

A

1) Baleen whales: humback and blue whales, uses LOWER frequency vocals; some calls are INFRASONIC
2) Toothed whales: includes dolphins. Uses higher frequency vocals.

94
Q

3 types of calls from baleen whales

A

1) whale song
2) singular calls
3) infrasonic calls

95
Q

Two types of communicatino in dolphins

A

1) whistle; high frequency signature call for group cohesion
2) bray; lower frequency that attracts other dolphins from a distance probably used for hunting, but hard to study in captivity.

96
Q

2 hypotheses for dolphin bray communication. Which one is more supported

A

1) cooperative feeding: signal when they found a food source

2) prey response: low frequency sound disorients the fish the dolphin is chasing.

97
Q

Explain the mechanism of dolphin echolocation

A

high frequency sounds bounces off objects and come back to the animal. Clicks produced by the PHONIC LIPS are redirected by the MELON (located inside the melon), the SWIM BLADDER in fish produces the main echo in prey fish.

98
Q

During echolocation, clicks produced by the dolphin’s ___ ___ are redirected by the ___ (located inside the melon), the ___ ___ in fish produces the main echo in prey fish.

A

Clicks produced by the PHONIC LIPS are redirected by the MELON (located inside the melon), the SWIM BLADDER in fish produces the main echo in prey fish.

99
Q

differences in our communication compared to apes

A

1) we do not have airsacs
2) our larynx is further down our throat; more intricate sounds

3) we have a smaller tongue ; finer motor control of articulators
4) chimps do not have a super refined brocas or wernickes area

100
Q

Cross fostering studies in apes showed that apes can learn limited signlanguage directed toward a desired object, but couldn;t communicate in sentences. This indicates that apes do not have ___

A

syntax; no rules of language.

101
Q

Why was it hard for male apes to be studied in cross fostering experiments?

A

they typically begin to sense hierarchies and will try and manipulate people around him.

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