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1180 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Temperature Scales

A
  • Fahrenheit
  • Celsius
  • Kelvin
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2
Q

Thermometer

A

a sealed glass tube containing a fluid that expands and contracts according to whether heat is added or removed
(when the fluid is heated, it expands; upon cooling, it contracts)

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3
Q

Alcohol Thermometer Temperature Range

A

Boiling point of alcohol 78°C

Freezing point of alcohol -112°C

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4
Q

Mercury Thermometer Temperature Range

A

Boiling point of mercury 357 °C

Freezing point of mercury -39°C

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5
Q

Some Instruments to Measure Temperature

A

Thermometer
Infrared Thermometer Gun
Galileo Thermometer

Instrument Shelters:

  • Stevenson Screen
  • Thermistor Thermometer
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6
Q

Principal Temperature Controls

A
  • insolation
  • latitude
  • altitude and elevation
  • cloud cover
  • land–water heating differences
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7
Q

Physical Influence of LATITUDE on Earth’s temperature patterns:

A
  • insolation is generally more intense between the tropics than at higher latitudes where the Sun is never directly overhead (at a 90° angle) during the year.
  • Change of sun angle (declination) and day length throughout the year drive the seasonal effect of latitude on temperature.
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8
Q

Stevenson Screen

A

A louvered wooden box (elevated 1.2–1.8 m minimum above the ground) that houses a minimum and maximum thermometer or a wet-bulb thermometer apparatus, providing protection from direct insolation.

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9
Q

Physical Influence of ALTITUDE AND ELEVATION on Earth’s temperature patterns:

A
  • density and temperature within the troposphere decreases with increasing altitude
  • as the atmosphere thins, it contains less sensible heat
  • Mountainous areas experience lower temperatures than do regions nearer sea level, even at same latitudes
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10
Q

Physical Influence of CLOUD COVER on Earth’s temperature patterns:

A
  • clouds affect the earth– atmosphere energy balance (by reflecting and absorbing radiation.
  • effects vary with (3) cloud type, height, and density
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11
Q

Effects of cloud cover on temperature at night

A
  • Cloud cover during the night acts as an insulting layer that reradiates long-wave energy back to earth, preventing rapid energy loss to space.
  • Raises minimum night-time temperatures
  • A moderating effect
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12
Q

Physical influence of LAND- WATER HEATING DIFFERENCES on Earth’s Temperature patterns:

A

(5)

  • Land and Water respond differently to insolation.
  • Land and Water absorb and store energy differently.
  • Water bodies tend to have more moderate temperature patterns
  • Continental interiors have more temperature extremes.
  • Land heats and cools faster than water
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13
Q

Factors that lead to LAND-WATER HEATING DIFFERENCES include:

A

(4)

  1. Evaporation
  2. Transparency
  3. Specific Heat
  4. Ocean Currents
  5. Sea Surface Temperature
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14
Q

What is temperature a measure of?

A

the average energy of motion of molecules in an object

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15
Q

Factors that lead to LAND-WATER HEATING DIFFERENCES include:

A

(4)

  1. Evaporation
  2. Transparency
  3. Specific Heat
  4. Ocean Currents + Sea Surface Temperature
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16
Q

Evaporation and LAND-WATER HEATING DIFFERENCES

A

As surface water evaporates, it absorbs energy from the immediate environment, resulting in a lowering of temperatures.

Land temperatures are affected less by evaporative cooling than are temperatures over water.

17
Q

EVAPORATION and LAND-WATER HEATING DIFFERENCES

A

As surface water evaporates, it absorbs energy from the immediate environment, resulting in a lowering of temperatures.

Land temperatures are affected less by evaporative cooling than are temperatures over water.

18
Q

TRANSPARENCY and LAND-WATER HEATING DIFFERENCES

A

The transparency of water results in the distribution of available heat energy over a much greater depth and volume, forming a larger reservoir of energy storage than that which occurs on land.

19
Q

SPECIFIC HEAT and LAND-WATER HEATING DIFFERENCES

A

Water has a higher specific heat (can store more heat) than a comparable volume of soil or rock.

Therefore, a given volume of water represents a more substantial energy reservoir than does the same volume of soil or rock.

Water consequently heats and cools more slowly.

20
Q

Specific Heat

A

The increase of temperature in a material when energy is absorbed. (The heat capacity of a substance)

21
Q

Temperature Range

A

Difference between maximum and minimum T

22
Q

Range of Temperature

A

Minimum T -> Maximum T

23
Q

Humidity

A

the presence of water vapour in the air. It is commonly expressed as relative humidity

24
Q

Heat Stress in Humans

A

symptoms:

  • heat cramps
  • heat exhaustion
  • heat stroke
  • old people and young people have a harder time regulating their average internal temperature
25
Q

Wind Chill

A

On a cold, windy day, the body feels colder because wind increases evaporative heat loss from our skin, creating a cooling effect.

26
Q

Why is perspiration not as effective a cooling method in humid environments

A

In humid conditions, the air cannot absorb as much moisture, so perspiration is not as effective a cooling mechanism as in dry environments.

27
Q

Wind Chill factor

A

Quantifies the enhanced rate at which body heat is lost to the air.

As wind speeds increase, heat loss from the skin increases, and the wind-chill factor rises

28
Q

Heat Wave

A

is a prolonged period of abnormally high temperatures, usually, but not always, in association with humid weather

29
Q

Humidex

A

A calculated parameter based on temperature and humidity used to determine the comfort level of the air at a specific temperature and humidity.

30
Q

Wind Chill factor

A

Quantifies the enhanced rate at which body heat is lost to the air under cold temperatures and wind.

As wind speeds increase, heat loss from the skin increases, and the wind-chill factor rises.

31
Q

Apparent temperature

A

Perceived temperature.

32
Q

Humidex

A

A calculated parameter based on temperature and humidity used to determine the comfort level of the air at a specific temperature and humidity.

The humidex indicates the human body’s reaction to air temperature and water vapour (humidity).

33
Q

The level of humidity in the air affects our natural ability to _____________________________.

A

cool through evaporation from skin.

1180 (8 decks)

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