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1180 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

HEAT

A

the flow of kinetic energy between molecules from one body or substance to another resulting from a temperature difference between them

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2
Q

Types of Heat Energy

A

Latent Heat

Sensible Heat

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3
Q

Latent Heat

A

Energy gained or lost (absorbed or released) when a substance (ice, water or water vapour) changes states.

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4
Q

Sensible Heat

A

Measure of the concentration kinetic energy from molecular motion.

(i.e temperature - measured by a thermometer)

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5
Q

Methods of Heat Transfer

A
  1. Radiation
  2. Conduction
  3. Convection
  4. Advection
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6
Q

RADIATION

A

Transfer of heat energy in electromagnetic waves.

sun to Earth, fire, stove

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7
Q

CONDUCTION

A

Molecule to molecule transfer of heat energy.

  • diffuses through a substance
  • involves a certain amount of resistance, with energy lost as it travels through
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8
Q

CONVECTION

A

Vertical transfer of heat energy by the mass of a substance via mixing or circulation of gases and liquids.

  • hot, less dense matter rises.
  • cooler, denser matter sinks
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9
Q

ADVECTION

A

Horizontal transfer of heat energy via mixing or circulation of gases and liquids.

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10
Q

(Latent heat) Heat energy is ABSORBED as the latent heat of melting, vaporization, or evaporation.

A

MELTING
VAPORIZATION
EVAPORATION

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11
Q

(Latent heat) Heat energy is RELEASED as the latent heat of ____________

A

CONDENSATION
FREEZING
FUSION

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12
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

Energy of motion produced by vibration energy of molecules.

The intensity of that movement is measured as temperature.

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13
Q

Potential Energy

A

Stored energy (either due to composition or position)

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14
Q

Diffuse Radiation

A

Insolation reaching Earth’s surface after being scattered by clouds and/or the atmosphere.

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15
Q

Diffuse Radiation

A

Insolation reaching Earth’s surface after scattering.

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16
Q

Why does the Sahara desert have a negative net radiation?

A

Because there are no clouds.

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17
Q

Why does the Sahara desert have a negative net radiation?

A

Because there are no clouds.

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18
Q

Clouds reflect ____

A

shortwave radiation

19
Q

Clouds absorb ____

A

longwave radiation

20
Q

Absorption

A

The assimilation of radiation by molecules of matter, converting the radiation from one form of energy to another.

21
Q

Longwave radiation is absorbed in the atmosphere by:

A 
carbon dioxide
water vapour
methane
nitrous oxide
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
22
Q

Transmission

A

Refers to the uninterrupted passage of shortwave and longwave energy through either the atmosphere or water.

23
Q

Albedo

A

The reflective quality of a surface. Expressed as the percentage of reflected insolation to incoming insolation.

24
Q

Shortwave Radiation Inputs

A

Ultraviolet light
Visible light
Near-infrared wavelengths

25
Q

Longwave Radiation Outputs

A

Thermal Infrared

26
Q

What happens to incoming radiation? (4)

A

Reflection

Scattering

Refraction

Absorption

27
Q

Refraction

A

Bending of light resulting from a change in medium.

Insolation entering the atmosphere changes mediums. this causes a shift in speed and causes the light to bend (shift direction).

28
Q

Energy budget between the tropics

A

energy surplus

29
Q

Energy budget between at the poles

A

energy deficits

30
Q

Energy deficits occur at the

A

poles

31
Q

Energy surpluses occur at the

A

between the tropics

32
Q

Boundary layer

A

the lower atmosphere at the Earth’s surface where energy and moisture are continually exchanged

33
Q

Net radiation

A

the sum of all radiation gains and losses

  • positive during the day
  • negative during the night
34
Q

Incoming shortwave radiation is absorbed by:

A 
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Ozone
Carbon Dioxide 
Water Vapour

in the atmosphere

35
Q

Imbalance in energy is resolved by (3)

A

Atmospheric circulations

Oceanic circulations

Dynamic weather systems

36
Q

Earth’s Average Albedo

A

31%

37
Q

Solar energy is absorbed by…

A 
Land and water surfaces
Atmospheric gases
Dust
Clouds
Stratospheric ozone
38
Q

Jet contrails create…

A

condensation trails that produce high cirrus clouds, which trap more radiation than it reflects.

39
Q

Longwave radiation is absorbed in the atmosphere by:

A 
carbon dioxide
water vapour
methane
nitrous oxide
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
40
Q

The Greenhouse Effect

A

Carbon dioxide, water vapour, methane, and other gases in the lower atmosphere absorb infrared radiation that is then emitted to Earth, thus delaying energy loss to space—this process is the greenhouse effect.

41
Q

Why is the sky blue?

A
  • Violet and blue light: shorter wavelengths (scatter first)
  • Red and yellow light: longest wavelength (travels the farthest)
  • when light hits a gas molecule in our atmosphere, it is absorbed
  • high frequency blues and violets get absorbed more
  • the gas molecule then radiates the light in different directions (colour that was radiated is the same colour that was absorbed)

(Raleigh scattering)

42
Q

Why is the sunset red?

A
  • when the sun sets its further away from you
  • the path to get to your eyes is longer, therefore the chance of the longwave red and yellow light hitting gas molecules is higher
  • the light also travels through the lower atmosphere, which has a greater concentration of particles
  • these particles reflect the light that hit them
43
Q

Mie Scattering

A

The larger particles in the atmosphere (larger than the wavelengths of light) cause the sky to appear white
(haze, pollution)

in a very hazy/polluted area, all wavelengths of light are scattered evenly, making the human eye perceive it as white

1180 (8 decks)

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