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Biology 1 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Facilitated diffusion is a type of _______.

A

Passive Transport

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2
Q

Endocytosis moves materials _____ a cell via _____.

A. out of ... diffusion
B. out of ... membranous vesicles
C. into ... membranous vesicles
D. into ... a transport protein
E. into ... facilitated diffusion
A

C, into … membranous vesicles

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3
Q

You can recognize the process of pinocytosis when _____.

A. the cell is engulfing extracellular fluid
B. a receptor protein is involved
C. the cell is engulfing a large particle

A

A, the cell is engulfing extracellular fluid

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4
Q

A white blood cell engulfing a bacterium is an example of _____.

A. phagocytosis
B. exocytosis
C. facilitated diffusion
D. pinocytosis
E. receptor-mediated endocytosis
A

A, Phagocytosis

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5
Q

You are working on a team that is designing a new drug. For this drug to work, it must enter the cytoplasm of specific target cells.
Which of the following would be a factor that determines whether the molecule selectively enters the target cells?

A. the similarity of the drug molecule to other molecules that are transported into the target cells
B. the concentration of the drug molecule that is transported in the blood
C. the nonpolar, hydrophobic nature of the drug molecule
D. the phospholipid composition of the target cells’ plasma membrane

A

A, the similarity of the drug molecule to other molecules that are transported into the target cells

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6
Q

A phospholipid has a “head” made up of a glycerol molecule attached to a single ________ , which is attached to another small molecule.

A

Phosphate group

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7
Q

Phospholipids vary in the small molecules attached to the phosphate group. The phospholipid shown in the figure has a _______ attached to phosphate.

A

Choline group

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8
Q

Because the phosphate group and its attachments are either charged or polar, the phospholipid head is ______, which means it has an affinity for water.

A

Hydrophilic

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9
Q

A phospholipid also has two “tails” made up of ______ acid molecules, which consist of a carboxyl group with a long hydrocarbon chain attached.

A

Two Fatty

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10
Q

Because the C-H bonds in the fatty acid tails are relatively nonpolar, the phospholipid tails are _______, which means they are excluded from water.

A

Hydrophobic

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11
Q

What name is given to the process by which water crosses a selectively permeable membrane?

A

Osmosis

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12
Q

In receptor-mediated endocytosis, receptor molecules are initially localized on the outer surface of the plasma membrane. Where do the receptors end up following endocytosis?

A. on the inside surface of a vesicle
B. on the inside surface of the Golgi apparatus
C. on the outer surface of a vesicle
D. on the inside surface of the plasma membrane
E. on the outer surface of the nucleus

A

A, on the inside surface of a vesicle

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13
Q

What bounds the cell from its surroundings?

A

Plasma Membrane

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14
Q

The plasma membrane is semi-permeable. What is meant by semi-permeable?

A

allows certain molecules to pass and others can’t

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15
Q

Give one major function of the plasma membrane.

A

Regulates transport of materials

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16
Q

Describe the structure and composition of the plasma membrane.

A

Phospholipid bilayer with a “mosaic” of various proteins embedded in it

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17
Q

What is the Phospholipid bilayer composed of?

A

Lipids

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18
Q

How many layers are there in the Phospholipid Bilayer

A

2

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19
Q

Why are phospholipids called amphipathic molecules?

A

contains both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions.

20
Q

Which group of the phospholipids is hydrophilic?

A

The Head

21
Q

Which group of the phospholipids is hydrophobic?

A

The Tail

22
Q

Describe the movement of most phospholipids and proteins.

A

Can move left to right and right to left, Flip flopping across the membrane
Lateral movement occurs 10^7 times per second

23
Q

Consider the currently accepted fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane. Where in the plasma membrane would cholesterol most likely be found?

A

In the interior of the membrane

24
Q

Phosphorylation cascades involving a series of protein kinases are useful for cellular signal transduction because?

A

they amplify the original signal manyfold

25
Q

Which of the following molecules is most likely to passively diffuse across the plasma membrane?

A. Hemoglobin

B. DNA

C. Sodium ion

D. Carbon dioxide

E. Glucose

A

D, Carbon Dioxide

26
Q

Receptors for signal molecules ________?

A

may be found embedded in the plasma membrane or found within the cytoplasm or nucleus

27
Q

Which of the following would tend to increase membrane fluidity?

A

A greater proportion ois the process of spontaneous passive transport (as opposed to active transport) of molecules or ions across a biological membrane via specific transmembrane integral proteins.

f phospholipids with unsaturated hydrocarbon tails

28
Q

Define active transport?

A

the movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy.

29
Q

Why is ATP needed in active transport?

A

Because the ions and molecules have to move against the concentration gradient I guess

30
Q

Define osmosis?

A

Water moves from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration

31
Q

Define facilitated diffusion?

A

is the process of spontaneous passive transport (as opposed to active transport) of molecules or ions across a biological membrane via specific transmembrane integral proteins.

32
Q

Glucose enters the cell by what transport process?

A

Active transport

33
Q

Net diffusion stops when

A

equilibrium is reached

34
Q

When equilibrium is reached, do molecules stop moving?

A

No there is just no net diffusion

35
Q

Define diffusion

A

Movement of particles from higher concentration to lower concentration

36
Q

Which process transports materials along the concentration gradient?

A

Passive Transport

37
Q

Which process transports materials against the concentration gradient?

A

Active Transport

38
Q

Name the two types of proteins based on their location in the membrane?

A
  1. Integral

2. Peripheral

39
Q

What determines most of the membrane’s specific functions?

A

Proteins

40
Q

Membranes rich in unsaturated fatty acids are more fluid or Viscous?

A

Fluid

41
Q

Membranes rich in saturated fatty acids are more fluid or Viscous?

A

Viscous

42
Q

What are aquaporins?

A

also called water channels, are integral membrane proteins from a larger family of major intrinsic proteins that form pores in the membrane of biological cells, mainly facilitating transport of water between cells

43
Q

Differentiate channel proteins and carrier proteins.

A

Both form continuous protein pathways across the lipid bilayer. Whereas transport by carriers can be either active or passive, solute flow through channel proteins is always passive.

44
Q

Compare similarities and differences between diffusion and facilitated diffusion.

A

Similarities: 1.Both move from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration through a partially permeable membrane.
Differences: Facilitated diffusion is for any small particles which can pass through a partially permeable membrane while osmosis is only for water molecules.

45
Q

hypotonic solution outside the cell is __________(dilute or concentrated) compared to solution inside the cell.

A

concentrated

46
Q

hypertonic outside the cell is __________(dilute or concentrated) compared to solution inside the cell.

A

diluted

Biology 1 (6 decks)

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