Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology 100 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

sensations

A

features of the environment, like electromagnetic wavelengths of light or changes in air pressure, creating sound, used to create an understanding of the world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

transduced

A

translated (sensations transduced by senstory system into electrochemical language of brain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

perception

A

an idea; brain takes message and combines it with previous experience to create an understanding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

bottom-up processing

A

starts with physical message or sensations; early level analysis that prepares info for use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

top-down processing

A

combine early neural organization with understanding of world to interpret and organize info into something of value

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

figure-ground principle

A

tuning out all background information to focus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Laws of Gestalt/Gestalt principles of organization

A

ways one sees the world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

proximity

A

objects close to one another will be grouped together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

principle of similarity

A

physically similar objects will be grouped together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

principle of closure

A

perceive whole objects even when parts are missing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

principle of good continuation

A

lines cross or interrupted, tend to see continuously flowing lines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

principle of common fate

A

objects moving together grouped together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

cornea

A

outermost, transparent, protective layer of eye that contributes to ability to focus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

pupil

A

hole in front of eye that expands and contracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Iris

A

attached muscles control size of pupil; mainly gives eye colour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

accommodation

A

refracts light and brings object into focus against sensory cells in retina; determined by distance between lens and viewed object (close-thick and round)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

rods and cones

A

transduce energy into neural language; contains photopigment sensitive to light (about 126 million)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

fovea

A

cluster of cones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

visaul acuity

A

cones transmit info about fine detail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

rods

A

sensitive to lower levels of light; compile early processing about object and motion locations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

cones

A

better with lots of light in environment; only cells that communicate info about wavelength, perceived as colour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

bipolar cells

A

summate firing of several photoreceptors and send different kinds of messages to ganglion cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

optic nerve

A

made up of axons of both ganglion cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Optic chiasm

A

axons from each eye reorganized for more sophisticated processing (right side of both eyes sent to left hemisphere; vice versa)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN) of thalamus

A

each of the six sublayers deals with different types of info corresponding to M and P cells; opponent process maintained here as well

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Visual Striate Cortex or Visual Cortex (VC))

A

important features of visual world assembled and identified

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

retinotopic organization

A

spatial organization how we maintain map of visual world through processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

ventral (what) stream

A

info then travels to temporal lobe where visual info is identified

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

dorsal (where) stream

A

carries visual info to parietal lobe for location of visual object

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

limbic system

A

helps provide feeling and reaction to seeing visual object

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

color

A

perception of red (670nm), green (540nm), blues (450nm), white is all colours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

trichromatic theory

A

proposes that color info is identified by comparing activation of three different cones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

image after effect

A

brain interprets colour as something else?

34
Q

monocular depth cues - pictorial cues

A

require one eye; represented on two-dimensional canvas

35
Q

occlusion (monocular)

A

one image partially blocks the view of a second object and is seen as further away

36
Q

Relative Height (monocular)

A

relative to horizon (ie. closer to horizon is farther away from us)

37
Q

Relative size

A

when two objects are of equal size, the one farther away will take up a smaller portion of the retina

38
Q

Ames illusion (monocular)

A

trapezoidal room that makes person look much larger on one side and smaller on the other

39
Q

Perspective convergence (monocular)

A

parallel lines move away from us in distance, appear to converge or come close together

40
Q

Familiar size (monocular)

A

judgement based on previous knowledge of object size

41
Q

Atmospheric perspective (monocular)

A

distant objects appear hazy and tinted blue - distance increases as does air particles, dust, pollution, and water droplets in space between eyes and object

42
Q

retinal disparity (binocular)

A

image becomes father away, greater degree of disparity on retinas; brain calculates depth info by comparing images

43
Q

convergence (binocular)

A

brain uses degree to which eye must turn inward to focus on object

44
Q

frequency

A

rate of vibrations

45
Q

pitch

A

higher pitch perceived with high frequency sounds

46
Q

intensity

A

amplitude of wave increases and wave arrives at ear with more force

47
Q

amplitude

A

measured in decibels

48
Q

pinna

A

part you pierce and shaped to filter sound into eat canal

49
Q

tympanic membrane

A

eardrum - surface works like a drum and transfers energy

50
Q

ossicles

A

three smallest bones in body - malleus, incus, stapes - amplify vibrations

51
Q

oval window

A

transfers vibrations to cochlea

52
Q

cochlea

A

bony sound processor of inner ear and transferred into neural language of brain

53
Q

basilar membrane

A

sound causes it to “ripple”, which causes cilia to ben, causing excitatory message to cascade from ear to brain to auditory nerve

54
Q

Medial Geniculate

A

different components of sound are organized and analyzed here in thalamus

55
Q

tonotopic organization

A

?

56
Q

merkel receptor

A

fire continuously as long as skin is making contact with objects, sending info about fine details

57
Q

Meissner corpuscle

A

fires when skin first encounters stimulus and when it is removed

58
Q

ruffini cylinder

A

interpreting stretching of skin

59
Q

Pacinian corpuscle

A

feels vibration and texture

60
Q

somatotopic organization

A

maps are spatially organized - two adjacent points of contact on skin map two adjacent points of neural activity on cortex

61
Q

Gate-control theory of pain

A

suggests that impulses indicate painful stimuli can be blocked in spinal cord by signals sent from brain

  • S-fibers fire to damaging and painful stimuli
  • T-cells activated when s-fibers active
  • L-fibers activated and inhibit activation of T-cells; closes gate and reduces perception of pain
62
Q

kinesthetic sense

A

basic understanding of where body is in space and how to move to accomplish tasks

63
Q

vestibular sense

A

sense of balance

64
Q

semicircular canals

A

sense changes in acceleration and rotation of head; hair cells respond to force of gravity

65
Q

vestibular sacs

A

sense balance and posture

66
Q

odorants

A

scents

67
Q

chemoreceptors

A

respond to properties in air molecules interpreted as smell and taste; only senses that require one to ingest physical stimuli to analyze incoming info

68
Q

olfactory mucosa

A

odorants come into contact with olfactory receptor neurons

69
Q

glomeruli

A

consolidate all messages from particular receptor type; all 10,000 ORNs of a particular type will send signals to just one or two glomeruli

70
Q

papillae

A

location of tastebuds

71
Q

taste pore

A

protrusions on the taste bud; transduction occurs when chemicals bind to receptor sites here

72
Q

orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)

A

receives info from visual “what” pathway

73
Q

bimodal neurons

A

respond to more than one sense; specialize in determining sensations that occur together

74
Q

psychophysics

A

attempts to evaluate way the physical experiences of light, sound, and chemicals in nose are translated into psychological perceptions

75
Q

stimulus detection

A

minimum amount of stimulate needed to generate a sensation

76
Q

absolute threshold

A

level of intensity required to create conscious experience 50% of the time; not absolute

77
Q

Signal detection

A

reporting presence of stimulus even when none has been presented

78
Q

difference threshold

A

smallest amount of particular stimulus required for difference in magnitude to be detected

79
Q

just noticeable difference (jnd)

A

?

80
Q

Weber’s Law

A

ability to notice difference between two stimuli is constant proportion of intensity of size of stimulus - more intense the stimulus, larger the required change to notice a difference

81
Q

Opponent Process Theory

A

perception of colour depends on ganglion cells firing in an on-ff fashion. For example, when cell receives signal that red is present, it will also send signal that green is present as well

Psychology 100 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions