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Psychology 100 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

frame of reference

A

something already known that we can compare concepts to

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2
Q

neurons

A

specialized cells that transmit electrical impulses; basic building block of nervous system

  • have a cell body, nucleus, and internal machinery similar to other living cells
  • limited ability to regenerate
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3
Q

glial cells

A

provide supporting functions

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4
Q

neural

A

relating to the nerve or nervous system

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5
Q

epigenetic factors

A

environmental influences that change expression of genetic material

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6
Q

“junk” DNA

A

DNA that does not encode proteins contain switches that can turn genes on and off when triggered by the environment

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7
Q

histones

A

enzymes that influence how proteins

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8
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

composed of brain and spinal cord - all cells and supporting structures inside skull and vertebral column

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9
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

composed of all parts of nervous system outside brain and spinal cord

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10
Q

neuronal membrane

A

lipid bilayer containing contents of cell contributes to neuron’s ability to conduct electrical activity

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11
Q

neuroplasticity

A

ability of neurons and their network to change

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12
Q

dendrites

A

look like branches of a tree that spread out to communicate with other neurons

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13
Q

receptors

A

proteins of the dendrites; bind with neurotransmitters

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14
Q

soma

A

cell body

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15
Q

axon

A

only one

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16
Q

axon terminals

A

end of axon

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17
Q

terminal buttons/synaptic knobs

A

houses vesicles containing neurotransmitters whose contents are to be released

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18
Q

synpase/synaptic cleft

A

small fluid-filled gap between cells

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19
Q

myelin

A

acts like insulation wrapped around wires; keeps electrical impulse flowing down axon

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20
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

breaks in myelin; channels are exposed to allow ions to flow in and out of axon - charge can leap down the axon, speeding up the process

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21
Q

glial cells

A

support neurons; 10:1 ratio - caretakers of neuron to provide structural support, bringing nutrients, removing waste and dead neurons and speeding up electrical impulses

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22
Q

leaky channels

A

passively allow potassium to escape, but keep negative ions in and positive sodium ions out

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23
Q

electrical potential

A

energy needed to move charged particle from point A to point B

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24
Q

specificity

A

each kind of channel attracts a specific ion

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25
Q

influx

A

admitted

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26
Q

efflux

A

ejected

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27
Q

Action potential

A

sudden and large increase in positive charge (electrical activation) produced by movement of Na+ through its specific channel at the right time

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28
Q

voltage-gated channels

A

open when inside of the cell is positive enough

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29
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

places where voltage-gated Na+ channels are exposed

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30
Q

propagation

A

process where electrical impulses are sent to the end of the neuron

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31
Q

Secondary injury

A

initial impact kills neurons and release glutamate, SO overstimulation of neurons open too many ion channels at once (Na+ and Ca 2+ and water)

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32
Q

excitatory neurotransmitters

A

increase probability of neuron becoming electrically active; causing hyperpolarization form the influx of negative ions like Cl-

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33
Q

inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

decrease probability the neuron is activated; causing depolarization from the influx of positive ions like Na+

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34
Q

Agonist

A

mimic action of endogenous (naturally produced by the body) neurotransmitter

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35
Q

antagonists

A

prevent action of endogenous neurotransmitter

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36
Q

dopamine

A

perceive experiences as rewarding and can produce euphoria

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37
Q

serotonin

A

elevate mood, when released in the right amounts

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38
Q

neural networks

A

complex connections between dendrites and axons of many neurons

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39
Q

efferents

A

axons carrying electrical impulses away from command central to trigger neurotransmitter or hormone release at the organ/muscles

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40
Q

afferents

A

carrying impulses back from the organs/muscles

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41
Q

neocortex

A

outer layer of brain uses sensory info, memories, and thoughts to form plans - conscious thought/decision-making (like a CEO)

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42
Q

medulla

A

help control basic life functions like breathing, heart rate, and reflexes (like workers)

43
Q

superior

A

on top of

44
Q

inferior

A

below

45
Q

anterior/rostral

A

toward the forehead

46
Q

posterior

A

toward the back of the head

47
Q

dorsal

A

top of the head

48
Q

ventral

A

lower toward the chin

49
Q

medial

A

toward the inside, behind the nose

50
Q

lateral

A

closer to the ears

51
Q

vertebral column

A

all bones of the spine together

52
Q

vertebrae

A

individual joints

53
Q

meninges

A

coverings under the skull

54
Q

pia mater

A

innermost later is thinnest and most vulnerable, create intricate network of blood vessels

55
Q

subarachnoid later

A

houses trabeculae

56
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

cushion and bathe brain in fluid to support blood flow

57
Q

dura mater

A

toughest, thickest covering for protection

58
Q

gray matter

A

neurons and glia; local processing of information

59
Q

white matter

A

bundles of myelinated axons; helps different areas of the brain share info by connecting neurons via axons and dendrites

60
Q

somatic nervous system

A

contains all neurons and nerves that supply control of muscles for voluntary movement and bring sensory info from body below the brain

61
Q

autonomic

A

“automatic” regulates all automatic functions needed to stay alive, functional, and healthy

62
Q

sympathetic

A

“go” increase in heart rate and breathing, inhibition of digestive activity

63
Q

parasympathetic

A

“relax” help recover, digest, and become sexually aroused

64
Q

differentiating

A

cells become specialized in structure and function

65
Q

medulla oblongata

A

for breathing, heart beating, and swallowing

66
Q

pons

A

regulate arousal, coordinate senses with cerebellum, serve as a bridge for tracts, houses several cranial nerve nuclei for facial expression and movement, help brain sense body and regulate left-right coordination

67
Q

Reticular Activating System (RAS)

A

bridges functions of body and brain via connections to the spinal cord and thalamus; helps regulate our level of arousal and focus of attention

68
Q

Limbic system

A

regulate endocrine systems as well as emotions and emotional memory

69
Q

amygdala

A
  • increases electrical activity in its neurons when we are under threat
  • aggression responses to threat and romantic love
  • increase of norepinephrine (adrenalin)
  • memories associated tied to strong emotions
  • receives sensory input to make calculations about value of stimulus
70
Q

hippocampus

A

synapses actually strengthen, making more receptors and neurotransmitters, when exposed to high-frequency stimulation over time

71
Q

cingulate gyrus

A

increased activity when experiencing physical or emotional pain as it may cause potential damage and death

72
Q

hypothalamus

A

helps control several functions in the autonomic and endocrine systems; regulating hunger responses, sexual behaviour, temperature, and agression

73
Q

basal ganglia

A

modulate movement commands in the brain before they reach the spinal cord; modulate movement commands in the brain before they reach the spinal cord

74
Q

Parkinson’s “cogwheel rigidity”

A

hard time initiating and terminating movements

75
Q

substantia nigra

A

cells that are dopaminergic (neurons secrete dopamine) die off and part of circuit that initiates and terminates movement is lost

76
Q

cerebellum

A

rhythm and timing machine, coordinates thought and problem-solving and control emotional responses

77
Q

spinocerebellar

A

helps match sensory input with motor plans in order to fine tune movement patters

78
Q

vestibulocerebellar

A

processes info from inner ear via vestibular nuclei to adjust posture and balance

79
Q

cerbroverebellar

A

manages connections with pons and thalamus to adjust timing and planning of movements

80
Q

thalamus

A

all senses, except smell, pass through before interpretation and action plans

81
Q

frontal lobes

A

decision-making and movement, help encode our personalities

82
Q

hippocampus

A

forming new memories; in charge of declarative memory not procedural memory

83
Q

homonculus

A

graphical representation of number of neurons dedicated to particular parietal part/function

84
Q

parietal lobes

A

for processing numbers and performing calculations; if one side of lobe injured, space navigation and sensation will be misinterpreted from the other side

85
Q

contralateral

A

opposite

86
Q

synapses

A

connections between neurons

87
Q

temporal lobe neurons

A

forming memories and processing sound input from auditory nerves

88
Q

lesions

A

focused area where cells have died

89
Q

olfactory info

A

(smell) sensory info that does not pass through thalamic relay synapses

90
Q

occipital lobes

A

processing light stimuli

91
Q

laterality

A

idea that one hemisphere performs different functions than the other

92
Q

corpus callosum

A

“tough body” thick bundle of fibers whose purpose is to connect two hemispheres and allow them to share info

93
Q

endocrine system

A

series of glands that release hormones (which can also act as neurotransmitters); serves as secondary control system that assists and gives valuable feedback to nervous system about what is going on in body

94
Q

hypothalamus

A

secretes hormones and controls pituitary gland via direct nerve stimulation/chemicals

95
Q

pineal gland

A

secretes melatonin to regulate sleep cycles

96
Q

pituitary gland

A

secrete host of hormones that affect sexual behaviour, reproduction, circulatory function, hunger, and responses to agression

97
Q

oxytocin

A

bonding hormone, component of love, but not love itself; released during orgasms, when we look at pictures of loved ones, and when we are near our partners

98
Q

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis)

A

secretes hormones that control the pituitary gland, which in turn controls the adrenal glands

99
Q

psychoneuroimmunology

A

how the nervous system modulates immune function

100
Q

staining method

A

to visualize neurons

101
Q

patch-clamp technique

A

small glass electrode placed on membrane of neuron, and part of membrane was pulled up into electrode using suction

102
Q

electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

record directly from clusters of electrical activity in the brain

103
Q

acetylcholine

A

muscle contraction

104
Q

GABA

A

inihibition

Psychology 100 (7 decks)

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