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Psychology 100 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Empiricism

A

view that knowledge comes from observation and experience (psychology is inherently observable in nature)

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2
Q

Dualism

A

belief that the body and mind are separate

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3
Q

(Fields of Basic Research) Abnormal

A

maladaptive behaviour, emotion, and thought pattern development; mental illness biology

ex. why depression rate is 2x as high in women than men

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4
Q

(Fields of Basic Research) Behavioural Genetics

A

linking individual behavioural differences to genetic factors

ex. genetic markers for autism

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5
Q

(Fields of Basic Research) Behavioural Neuroscience

A

linking individual behavioural differences to activity or physical components of the brain

ex. facial processing to area of brain’s cortex

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6
Q

(Fields of Basic Research) Cognitive

A

Info processing (attention, perception, memory, problem solving, language, thought)

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7
Q

(Fields of Basic Research) Comparative

A

comparing nonhuman animals to (usually) find commonalities

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8
Q

(Fields of Basic Research) Personality

A

characteristic differences or traits that affect behaviour

ex. extraversion and one’s behaviour

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9
Q

(Fields of Basic Research) Developmental

A

thoughts and behaviours that change with age

ex. age decline

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10
Q

(Fields of Basic Research) Social

A

Influence of social environment

ex. how/why people are persuaded by argument/advertisements

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11
Q

Applied research

A

to discover new or more effective ways to solve a problem

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12
Q

Applied Practice

A

actual application of techniques to problems themselves

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13
Q

Translational Research

A

having basic research to guide applied solutions

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14
Q

Factors of Applied Psychology

A

Consumer behaviour, educational, forensic and legal, political, health, human factors, industrial and organizational, school

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15
Q

Clinical Psychology

A

focus on identifying, preventing, and relieving psychological distress or dysfunction

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16
Q

Psychiatrists

A

medical doctors that focus on diagnosis and treatment of mental illness

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17
Q

Counseling Psychologists

A

helping people deal with ongoing life problems or stressors/transitions from life situations (ex. marriage counselors)

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18
Q

Nativism (extreme - biological determinism)

A

some forms of knowledge are innate

19
Q

“Ponzo” Illusion

A

Lines are equal length, but innate understanding of depth cues confuses us

20
Q

Müller-Lyer Illusion

A

three lines with arrowheads at the end, middle arrow has arrowhead tip on the line so it appears longer

21
Q

Natural Selection

A

adaptive traits, extending to behavioural tendencies and human behaviour, tend to spread throughout a population because of its benefits

22
Q

Four Basic Principles in Natural Selection

A

Variations in phenotypes, heritability, “struggle for existence”, variations in survival and reproduction

23
Q

Types of Selection

A

Directional (extreme), Stabilizing (middle range), Disruptive (not middle, both extremes), Sexual (attractive or intimidation), Artificial (dogs, wheat)

24
Q

Phrenology

A

shape of the skull was the result of size of brain structures beneath it

25
Q

Structuralism

A

primary goal is to break down conscious experience into its most basic parts

26
Q

Systematic Introspection

A

attempted to standardize the way conscious experiences were reported so that one’s experiences could be compared to another’s more effectively

27
Q

Functionalism

A

first understand the function of a behaviour or mental process in order to understand how the parts work together

28
Q

Gestalt psychology

A

how people perceived a unified whole out of chaotic individual elements of sensation

29
Q

Operant conditioning

A

behaviour modifications using rewards or punishments

30
Q

Cognitive Revolution

A

start of modern scientific study of the mind

31
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

analyzing contents of the unconscious mind so that relevant thoughts and feelings could be brought up to the level of consciousness; patients needed insight into unconscious factors affecting them

32
Q

Humanistic Psychology

A

proposes that people have free will and the capacity to realize their own potential - creativity, choice, potential for growth

33
Q

Positive Psychology

A

focused not what can go wrong with humans but how positive outcomes can be achieved and how humans can flourish

34
Q

Eclectic Approach

A

ideas taken from a variety of sources

35
Q

Levels of Explanation

A

ultimate and proximate explanations

36
Q

Ultimate Explanations

A

(evolutionary) why a psychological phenomenon occurs by appealing to its role in the process of evolution
ex. crying is a signal to caregivers

37
Q

Proximate explanations

A

(situational) immediate cause of psychological phenomenon

ex. crying because baby needs food or are scared

38
Q

Functional Explanations

A

(proximate explanations) seek to identify specific problem as cause of phenomenon

ex. providing food or removing painful object

39
Q

Process-oriented explanations

A

(proximate explanations) how a specific mental or physical process explains phenomenon

ex. crying is result of biological processes happening in tear duct

40
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A

how mental processes and behaviour have developed over evolutionary history

41
Q

Culture

A

shared set of beliefs, attitudes, behaviours, and customs belonging to a specific group/community

42
Q

Feminist Psychology

A

analyzes role that gender plays in person’s development and behaviours; cultural differences in ways society raises men and women

43
Q

Intersectional Approach

A

people not defined by single aspect of identities

Psychology 100 (7 decks)

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