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Disease Processes > Chapter 5 & 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 & 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

A

Blueprint for protein synthesis within the cell.

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2
Q

Genes

A

Found in chromosomes; each is responsible for the synthesis of one protein,

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3
Q

Chromosomes

A

Molecule of DNA found in the human cell.

Each human cell contains 46 chromosomes divided into 23 pairs.

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4
Q

Autosomes

A

The name of 44 or the 46 chromosomes (all but sex)

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5
Q

Sex Chromosomes

A

The X and Y chromosomes that determine an individual’s biological sex.

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6
Q

Karyotype

A

Normal chromosomal composition of the nucleus of the cell that is characteristic of each species.

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7
Q

Haploid

A

The genetic condition of gametes, cells that have only one set of chromosomes, half of each pair of chromosomes

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8
Q

Diploid

A

The genetic condition of body cells that possess two copies of each chromosome; all cells are diploid except gamets (egg & sperm).

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9
Q

Alleles

A

Alternative forms of a gene.

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10
Q

Homozygous

A

Person having the same two alleles of a particular gene.

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11
Q

Heterozygous

A

Person having two different alleles of a certain gene.

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12
Q

Dominant

A

Gene that is expressed when inherited

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13
Q

Recessive

A

Describes a trait that becomes manifest only in a person who is homozygous for the trait.

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14
Q

Sex-linked Inheritances

A

Diseases transmitted on the sex chromosomes

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15
Q

Multifactorial

A

Having multiple factors or causes, as with diseases and disorders caused by a combination of genes, environment, and behavior.

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16
Q

Down Syndrome

A

Chromosomal disorder that causes cognitive impairment (Trisomy 21)

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17
Q

Klinefelter’s Syndrome

A

Condition affecting males in which there is an extra X chromosome

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18
Q

Hermaphrodites

A

Individuals who have both testes and ovaries (intersex).

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19
Q

Pseudohermaphrodites

A

Persons with the condition of ambiguous gender

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20
Q

Amniocentesis

A

A procedure, usually performed in the 14th week of pregnancy, where amniotic fluid is drawn and tested for chromosomal abnormalities.

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21
Q

Chorionic Villus Sampling

A

Removal of cells from the villi through the cervix to test for genetic disorders or sex.

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22
Q

Congenital Disorders

A

Abnormalities present at birth or shortly after.

23
Q

Myocardium

A

Cardiac muscle found in the chamber walls of the heart.

24
Q

Endocardium

A

Smooth delicate membrane that lines the chambers of the heart.

25
Q

Pericardium

A

Double membranous sac that encloses the heart.

26
Q

Mitral Valve

A

Valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle of the heart; consisting of two flaps (cusps) that meet when the valve is closed.

27
Q

Tricuspid Valve

A

Three-cusped valve between the right atrium and right ventricle.

28
Q

Diastole

A

The filling period of the cardiac cycle.

29
Q

Systole

A

The contracting phase of the cardiac cycle.

30
Q

Sinoatrial Node (SA node)

A

Pacemaker of the heart; a small patch of tissue at the top of the atrium of the heart that initiates the heartbeat.

31
Q

Purkinje Fibers

A

Specialized heart tissue that conducts the impulse for contraction to the myocardium of the ventricles

32
Q

Aorta

A

Largest artery in the body; carries blood away from the heart to the arteries.

33
Q

Arterioles

A

Smallest arteries; capable of constriction and dilation.

34
Q

Capillaries

A

Thin-walled blood vessels connecting arterioles and venules; site of oxygen and carbon dioxide gas exchange with blood tissues

35
Q

Venules

A

Smallest veins; carry blood from capillaries to larger veins.

36
Q

Venae Cavae

A

Two largest veins; superior returns deoxygenated blood from the upper body to the heart and the inferior which returns deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the heart.

37
Q

Auscultation

A

Listening to heart sounds through a stethoscope

38
Q

Electrocardiogram

A

Electrical recording of heart action which aides in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, valve disorders, and some congenital heart diseases.

39
Q

Echocardiography (Ultrasound)

A

Non-invasive procedure that utilizes high-frequency sound waves to examine the size, shape, and motion of heart structures.

-Time-motion study.

40
Q

Doppler Echocardiography

A

Explores blood-flow patterns and changes in velocity of blood flow within the heart and great vessels.

-Finds valve stenosis or insufficiency

41
Q

Cardiac Catheterization

A

A procedure in which a catheter is passed into the heart through blood vessels to sample blood in each chamber for oxygen content and pressure.

42
Q

Angiocardiography

A

A contract indicator is injected into the cardiovascular system to detect blockages in vessels.

43
Q

Coronary Arteriography

A

Employs an injected contrast material that permits imaging of blood vessel function

44
Q

Lipoproteins

A

Water-soluble lipid fat; packaged into particles that contain blood proteins, which mix with water.

-Transports cholesterol

45
Q

Low-density Lipoprotein (LDL)

A

Larger lipoprotein particles containing triglycerides (Bad cholesterol)

46
Q

Plaque

A

Thick, hard deposit that narrows arteries and impedes blood flow

47
Q

High-density Lipoprotein (HDL)

A

Carries about 1/4 - 1/3 of cholesterol away from arteries and to the liver, where it is eliminated; deemed good cholesterol

48
Q

Triglycerides

A

Lipid fats that are not water-soluble and therefore cannot mix with blood plasma.

49
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

Hardening and thickening of arterial walls & blood vessels.

50
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Accumulation of fatty material under the inner lining of the arterial wall.

51
Q

Fatty Streaks

A

Thin deposits of lipids in artery walls.

52
Q

Thrombosis

A

Forming of blood clots on blood vessel walls

53
Q

Fibrous Atheromatous Plaque

A

Masses of lipid and scar tissue that narrows arteries.

Disease Processes (3 decks)

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