Chapter 5 & 6 Flashcards
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
Blueprint for protein synthesis within the cell.
Genes
Found in chromosomes; each is responsible for the synthesis of one protein,
Chromosomes
Molecule of DNA found in the human cell.
Each human cell contains 46 chromosomes divided into 23 pairs.
Autosomes
The name of 44 or the 46 chromosomes (all but sex)
Sex Chromosomes
The X and Y chromosomes that determine an individual’s biological sex.
Karyotype
Normal chromosomal composition of the nucleus of the cell that is characteristic of each species.
Haploid
The genetic condition of gametes, cells that have only one set of chromosomes, half of each pair of chromosomes
Diploid
The genetic condition of body cells that possess two copies of each chromosome; all cells are diploid except gamets (egg & sperm).
Alleles
Alternative forms of a gene.
Homozygous
Person having the same two alleles of a particular gene.
Heterozygous
Person having two different alleles of a certain gene.
Dominant
Gene that is expressed when inherited
Recessive
Describes a trait that becomes manifest only in a person who is homozygous for the trait.
Sex-linked Inheritances
Diseases transmitted on the sex chromosomes
Multifactorial
Having multiple factors or causes, as with diseases and disorders caused by a combination of genes, environment, and behavior.
Down Syndrome
Chromosomal disorder that causes cognitive impairment (Trisomy 21)
Klinefelter’s Syndrome
Condition affecting males in which there is an extra X chromosome
Hermaphrodites
Individuals who have both testes and ovaries (intersex).
Pseudohermaphrodites
Persons with the condition of ambiguous gender
Amniocentesis
A procedure, usually performed in the 14th week of pregnancy, where amniotic fluid is drawn and tested for chromosomal abnormalities.
Chorionic Villus Sampling
Removal of cells from the villi through the cervix to test for genetic disorders or sex.
Congenital Disorders
Abnormalities present at birth or shortly after.
Myocardium
Cardiac muscle found in the chamber walls of the heart.
Endocardium
Smooth delicate membrane that lines the chambers of the heart.
Pericardium
Double membranous sac that encloses the heart.
Mitral Valve
Valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle of the heart; consisting of two flaps (cusps) that meet when the valve is closed.
Tricuspid Valve
Three-cusped valve between the right atrium and right ventricle.
Diastole
The filling period of the cardiac cycle.
Systole
The contracting phase of the cardiac cycle.
Sinoatrial Node (SA node)
Pacemaker of the heart; a small patch of tissue at the top of the atrium of the heart that initiates the heartbeat.
Purkinje Fibers
Specialized heart tissue that conducts the impulse for contraction to the myocardium of the ventricles
Aorta
Largest artery in the body; carries blood away from the heart to the arteries.
Arterioles
Smallest arteries; capable of constriction and dilation.
Capillaries
Thin-walled blood vessels connecting arterioles and venules; site of oxygen and carbon dioxide gas exchange with blood tissues
Venules
Smallest veins; carry blood from capillaries to larger veins.
Venae Cavae
Two largest veins; superior returns deoxygenated blood from the upper body to the heart and the inferior which returns deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the heart.
Auscultation
Listening to heart sounds through a stethoscope
Electrocardiogram
Electrical recording of heart action which aides in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, valve disorders, and some congenital heart diseases.
Echocardiography (Ultrasound)
Non-invasive procedure that utilizes high-frequency sound waves to examine the size, shape, and motion of heart structures.
-Time-motion study.
Doppler Echocardiography
Explores blood-flow patterns and changes in velocity of blood flow within the heart and great vessels.
-Finds valve stenosis or insufficiency
Cardiac Catheterization
A procedure in which a catheter is passed into the heart through blood vessels to sample blood in each chamber for oxygen content and pressure.
Angiocardiography
A contract indicator is injected into the cardiovascular system to detect blockages in vessels.
Coronary Arteriography
Employs an injected contrast material that permits imaging of blood vessel function
Lipoproteins
Water-soluble lipid fat; packaged into particles that contain blood proteins, which mix with water.
-Transports cholesterol
Low-density Lipoprotein (LDL)
Larger lipoprotein particles containing triglycerides (Bad cholesterol)
Plaque
Thick, hard deposit that narrows arteries and impedes blood flow
High-density Lipoprotein (HDL)
Carries about 1/4 - 1/3 of cholesterol away from arteries and to the liver, where it is eliminated; deemed good cholesterol
Triglycerides
Lipid fats that are not water-soluble and therefore cannot mix with blood plasma.
Arteriosclerosis
Hardening and thickening of arterial walls & blood vessels.
Atherosclerosis
Accumulation of fatty material under the inner lining of the arterial wall.
Fatty Streaks
Thin deposits of lipids in artery walls.
Thrombosis
Forming of blood clots on blood vessel walls
Fibrous Atheromatous Plaque
Masses of lipid and scar tissue that narrows arteries.
