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Disease Processes > Chapter 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 & 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Health

A

The condition in which the human body performs its vital functions normally.

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2
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions under fluctuating environmental factors.

Including:

  • Temperature
  • pH
  • Blood Composition
  • Fluid Levels
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3
Q

Disease

A

A deviation from normal structure or function in the body that interrupts or modifies the performance of vital functions.

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4
Q

Pathology

A

The study of disease, especially the structural and functional changes associated with disease.

Including:

  • Causes
  • Mechanisms
  • Signs/Symptoms
  • Treatments
  • Prevention
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5
Q

Pathologist

A

A physician who studies and interprets the changes caused by disease.

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6
Q

Signs

A

Evidence of disease observed upon physical examination.

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7
Q

Symptoms

A

Indications of disease reported by the patient.

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8
Q

Syndrome

A

An abnormal structure or function characterized by a group of signs and symptoms that usually occur together.

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9
Q

Disorder

A

A functional abnormality not necessarily linked to a specific cause or physical abnormality.

-May be accompanied by signs/symptoms but not required.

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10
Q

Diagnosis

A

The process of identifying a disease or disorder.

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11
Q

Procedures of a Physical Exam

A
  • Inspection
  • Palpation
  • Auscultation
  • Percussion
  • Vital Signs
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12
Q

Procedures of a Physical Exam: Inspection

A

The visual examination of the external surface of the body, its movements, and posture for abnormalities or evidence of disease.

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13
Q

Procedures of a Physical Exam: Palpation

A

Feeling the body with fingers or hands, allowing evaluation of the size, consistency, texture, location, and tenderness or an organ or body part.

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14
Q

Procedures of a Physical Exam: Auscultation

A

Listening to the lungs, heart, and intestines to evaluate the frequency, intensity, duration, number, and quality of sounds originating in the body.

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15
Q

Procedures of a Physical Exam: Percussion

A

Producing sounds by tapping on specific areas of the body with fingers, hands, or a small instrument to evaluate the size, consistency, and borders of the body organs as well as the presence/absence of bodily fluid.

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16
Q

Procedures of a Physical Exam: Vital Signs

A

Measures of various physiological statistics in order to assess basic bodily functions.

-Vitals vary depending on age, sex, weight, exercise tolerance, and physical condition

(Pulse, respiratory rate, blood pressure, temperature)

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17
Q

Prognosis

A

The predicted course and outcome of disease.

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18
Q

Acute

A

Disease with sudden onset and short duration.

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19
Q

Terminal

A

Disease that end in death.

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20
Q

Chronic

A

Disease with slower, less sever onset and a long duration.

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21
Q

Remission

A

Period in which the signs and symptoms of a disease subside or disappear.

-NOT a cure

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22
Q

Exacerbation

A

Period in which the signs and symptoms of a disease may grow more severe.

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23
Q

Relapse

A

The return of a disease after its apparent cure.

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24
Q

Complication

A

A related disease or other abnormal state that develops in a person already suffering from a disease.

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25
Q

Sequela

A

The aftermath of a particular disease.

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26
Q

Mortality

A

The number of deaths that occur among people with a particular disease.

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27
Q

Morbidity/Incidence

A

Rate of occurrence of new cases of a particular disease in a population being studied.

28
Q

Prevalence

A

The percentage of a population that is affected with a particular disease at a given time.

29
Q

Epidemiology

A

The study of occurrence, transmission, distribution, and control of disease.

30
Q

Etiology

A

Cause of disease.

31
Q

Pathogenesis

A

Describes how the cause of a disease leads to anatomical and physiological changes in the body that ultimately result in the disease.

32
Q

Idiopathic

A

Describes a disease for which the cause is NOT known.

33
Q

Chief Causes of Disease

A
  • Hereditary
  • Congenital
  • Degenerative
  • Inflammatory/Autoimmune/Allergic
  • Neoplastic
  • Metabolic
  • Traumatic
  • Nutritional
34
Q

Chief Causes of Disease: Hereditary

A

Abnormality within an individual’s genes or chromosomes

35
Q

Chief Causes of Disease: Congenital

A

Exist at or date from birth

-Can be hereditary or develop in utero

36
Q

Chief Causes of Disease: Degenerative

A

Function or structure of the affected tissues or organs progressively deteriorates over time

37
Q

Chief Causes of Disease: Inflammatory/Autoimmune/Allergic

A

Result of abnormal immune function.

-Present in every disease state.

38
Q

Chief Causes of Disease: Neoplastic

A

Result from abnormal growth that leads to the formation of tumors

39
Q

Chief Causes of Disease: Metabolic

A

Disruption of normal metabolism

40
Q

Chief Causes of Disease: Traumatic

A

Physical or chemical injury

41
Q

Chief Causes of Disease: Nutritional

A

Over/underconsumption of nutrients

42
Q

Molecular Biomarkers of Disease: Genomic

A

Chromosome sequence (DNA)

43
Q

Molecular Biomarkers of Disease: Transcriptomic

A

Gene expression (mRNA)

44
Q

Molecular Biomarkers of Disease: Proteomic

A

Protein expression

45
Q

Molecular Biomarkers of Disease: Metabolomic

A

Pathway metabolites

46
Q

Molecular Biomarkers of Disease: Glycomic

A

Carbohydrates

47
Q

Palliative Care

A

Treatment approach of providing comfort and pain relief instead of curing a disease.

-Most frequent in terminal illness.

48
Q

Immunity

A

The body’s ability to resist infectious disease.

49
Q

Antigen

A

Any foreign substance that, when introduced into the body, is recognized as “noneself” and activates the immune system.

50
Q

Nonspecific Immunity (Innate Immunity)

A

Present at birth and provides immediate, short-term protection against any antigen.

51
Q

Pathogens

A

Disease-carrying microorganisms.

52
Q

Phagocyte

A

A leukocyte that engulfs and destroys foreign material.

53
Q

Specific Immunity (Adaptive Immunity)

A

Immune system that responds to the presence of specific antigens and develops in response to contact with those antigens.

54
Q

Humoral Immunity

A

Immune response provided by development of antibodies that counteract foreign antigens.

55
Q

B-Cells

A

Lymphocyte that provides humoral immunity.

56
Q

Cell-mediated Immunity

A

Immune response in which cells, such as phagocytes and T-Cells, provide defense against abnormal cells, transplanted tissues and organs, and intracellular pathogens.

-Immunity provided by special cells.

57
Q

T-Cells

A

Lymphocyte responsible for cell-mediated immunity.

58
Q

Helper T-Cell

A

Cells that stimulate antibody production by plasma cells, increase phagocytosis, and stimulate cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells.

59
Q

Cytotoxic T-Cells

A

Cells that recognize and eliminate infected and abnormal cells.

60
Q

Autoimmunity

A

Development of antibodies, called autoantibodies, to one’s own tissues and self-antigens.

61
Q

Autoantibodies

A

Antibodies produced by the immune system against the individual’s own cells, tissues, or cell components.

62
Q

Lupus

A

Chronic autoimmune disease that can affect various parts of the body, including:

  • skin
  • joints
  • heart
  • lungs
  • blood
  • kidneys
  • brain
63
Q

Allergy (Hypersensitivity)

A

Extreme immune response to an antigen.

64
Q

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

A

A disease of the immune system characterized by a reduction in the number of helper T-cells and an increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and certain cancers.

65
Q

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

A

A retrovirus which carries its genetic information as RNA instead of DNA.

-Causative agent of AIDS

Disease Processes (3 decks)

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