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Disease Processes > Chapter 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 & 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Health

A

The condition in which the human body performs its vital functions normally.

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2
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions under fluctuating environmental factors.

Including:

  • Temperature
  • pH
  • Blood Composition
  • Fluid Levels
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3
Q

Disease

A

A deviation from normal structure or function in the body that interrupts or modifies the performance of vital functions.

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4
Q

Pathology

A

The study of disease, especially the structural and functional changes associated with disease.

Including:

  • Causes
  • Mechanisms
  • Signs/Symptoms
  • Treatments
  • Prevention
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5
Q

Pathologist

A

A physician who studies and interprets the changes caused by disease.

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6
Q

Signs

A

Evidence of disease observed upon physical examination.

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7
Q

Symptoms

A

Indications of disease reported by the patient.

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8
Q

Syndrome

A

An abnormal structure or function characterized by a group of signs and symptoms that usually occur together.

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9
Q

Disorder

A

A functional abnormality not necessarily linked to a specific cause or physical abnormality.

-May be accompanied by signs/symptoms but not required.

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10
Q

Diagnosis

A

The process of identifying a disease or disorder.

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11
Q

Procedures of a Physical Exam

A
  • Inspection
  • Palpation
  • Auscultation
  • Percussion
  • Vital Signs
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12
Q

Procedures of a Physical Exam: Inspection

A

The visual examination of the external surface of the body, its movements, and posture for abnormalities or evidence of disease.

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13
Q

Procedures of a Physical Exam: Palpation

A

Feeling the body with fingers or hands, allowing evaluation of the size, consistency, texture, location, and tenderness or an organ or body part.

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14
Q

Procedures of a Physical Exam: Auscultation

A

Listening to the lungs, heart, and intestines to evaluate the frequency, intensity, duration, number, and quality of sounds originating in the body.

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15
Q

Procedures of a Physical Exam: Percussion

A

Producing sounds by tapping on specific areas of the body with fingers, hands, or a small instrument to evaluate the size, consistency, and borders of the body organs as well as the presence/absence of bodily fluid.

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16
Q

Procedures of a Physical Exam: Vital Signs

A

Measures of various physiological statistics in order to assess basic bodily functions.

-Vitals vary depending on age, sex, weight, exercise tolerance, and physical condition

(Pulse, respiratory rate, blood pressure, temperature)

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17
Q

Prognosis

A

The predicted course and outcome of disease.

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18
Q

Acute

A

Disease with sudden onset and short duration.

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19
Q

Terminal

A

Disease that end in death.

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20
Q

Chronic

A

Disease with slower, less sever onset and a long duration.

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21
Q

Remission

A

Period in which the signs and symptoms of a disease subside or disappear.

-NOT a cure

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22
Q

Exacerbation

A

Period in which the signs and symptoms of a disease may grow more severe.

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23
Q

Relapse

A

The return of a disease after its apparent cure.

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24
Q

Complication

A

A related disease or other abnormal state that develops in a person already suffering from a disease.

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25
Sequela
The aftermath of a particular disease.
26
Mortality
The number of deaths that occur among people with a particular disease.
27
Morbidity/Incidence
Rate of occurrence of new cases of a particular disease in a population being studied.
28
Prevalence
The percentage of a population that is affected with a particular disease at a given time.
29
Epidemiology
The study of occurrence, transmission, distribution, and control of disease.
30
Etiology
Cause of disease.
31
Pathogenesis
Describes how the cause of a disease leads to anatomical and physiological changes in the body that ultimately result in the disease.
32
Idiopathic
Describes a disease for which the cause is NOT known.
33
Chief Causes of Disease
- Hereditary - Congenital - Degenerative - Inflammatory/Autoimmune/Allergic - Neoplastic - Metabolic - Traumatic - Nutritional
34
Chief Causes of Disease: Hereditary
Abnormality within an individual's genes or chromosomes
35
Chief Causes of Disease: Congenital
Exist at or date from birth -Can be hereditary or develop in utero
36
Chief Causes of Disease: Degenerative
Function or structure of the affected tissues or organs progressively deteriorates over time
37
Chief Causes of Disease: Inflammatory/Autoimmune/Allergic
Result of abnormal immune function. -Present in every disease state.
38
Chief Causes of Disease: Neoplastic
Result from abnormal growth that leads to the formation of tumors
39
Chief Causes of Disease: Metabolic
Disruption of normal metabolism
40
Chief Causes of Disease: Traumatic
Physical or chemical injury
41
Chief Causes of Disease: Nutritional
Over/underconsumption of nutrients
42
Molecular Biomarkers of Disease: Genomic
Chromosome sequence (DNA)
43
Molecular Biomarkers of Disease: Transcriptomic
Gene expression (mRNA)
44
Molecular Biomarkers of Disease: Proteomic
Protein expression
45
Molecular Biomarkers of Disease: Metabolomic
Pathway metabolites
46
Molecular Biomarkers of Disease: Glycomic
Carbohydrates
47
Palliative Care
Treatment approach of providing comfort and pain relief instead of curing a disease. -Most frequent in terminal illness.
48
Immunity
The body's ability to resist infectious disease.
49
Antigen
Any foreign substance that, when introduced into the body, is recognized as "noneself" and activates the immune system.
50
Nonspecific Immunity (Innate Immunity)
Present at birth and provides immediate, short-term protection against any antigen.
51
Pathogens
Disease-carrying microorganisms.
52
Phagocyte
A leukocyte that engulfs and destroys foreign material.
53
Specific Immunity (Adaptive Immunity)
Immune system that responds to the presence of specific antigens and develops in response to contact with those antigens.
54
Humoral Immunity
Immune response provided by development of antibodies that counteract foreign antigens.
55
B-Cells
Lymphocyte that provides humoral immunity.
56
Cell-mediated Immunity
Immune response in which cells, such as phagocytes and T-Cells, provide defense against abnormal cells, transplanted tissues and organs, and intracellular pathogens. -Immunity provided by special cells.
57
T-Cells
Lymphocyte responsible for cell-mediated immunity.
58
Helper T-Cell
Cells that stimulate antibody production by plasma cells, increase phagocytosis, and stimulate cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells.
59
Cytotoxic T-Cells
Cells that recognize and eliminate infected and abnormal cells.
60
Autoimmunity
Development of antibodies, called autoantibodies, to one's own tissues and self-antigens.
61
Autoantibodies
Antibodies produced by the immune system against the individual's own cells, tissues, or cell components.
62
Lupus
Chronic autoimmune disease that can affect various parts of the body, including: - skin - joints - heart - lungs - blood - kidneys - brain
63
Allergy (Hypersensitivity)
Extreme immune response to an antigen.
64
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
A disease of the immune system characterized by a reduction in the number of helper T-cells and an increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and certain cancers.
65
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
A retrovirus which carries its genetic information as RNA instead of DNA. -Causative agent of AIDS

Disease Processes (3 decks)

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