Chapter 5,6,7 Flashcards
What is infant’s speech perception?
Their ability to devot attention to the prosodic and phonetic regularities of speech (rhythm, combinations of specific sounds)
Prosodic = \_\_\_? Duration = \_\_\_? Intensity = \_\_\_?
Prosodic = frequency/pitch Duration = length Intensity = loudness
Define stress in terms of prosodic regularities
The prominence placed on certain syllables of multisyllabic words
Define intonation
Similar to stress; prominence placed on certain syllables in entire sentences/phrases
Prosodic characteristics
Frequency
Intensity
Duration
Phonetic regularities include?
Phonemes
Combinations of phonemes
Categorical perception
The ability that allows humans to categorize speech in ways that highlight differences in meaning and ignore variations that are nonessential or not meaningful in their language
Perceptual narrowing
The process by which infants start to focus more on perceptual differences that are relevant to them and focus less that are not relevant to them
Phonotactic regularities
The ability to recognize the combinations of phonemes in one’s language
Stage model
Following an observable and sequential pattern
Define reflexive focalization
(0-2 months) sounds of discomfort like crying and vegetable sounds
- Control of phonation
1-4 months cooing
- Expansion vocalizations
3-8 months
Isolate vowel sounds
Marginal babbling
Define marginal babbling
CV babbling with prolongs transitions between the consonant and vowel
- Basic canonical syllables age range
5-10 months
Advance form focalization age range
9-18 months
Paralinguistic features of infant directed speech
3
High pitch
Contoured pitch
Slow tempo
Syntactic characteristics of IDS
Shorter MLU
Fewer subordinate clauses
More content words
Less function words
What is the difference between imperative pointing and declarative pointing
Imperative pointing is used to request adults to retrieve something for them
Declarative pointing is used to call attention to an object and to comment on the object
3 phases of joint attention
Phase 1: attendance to social partners (birth to 6 month)
Phase 2: coordination of joint attention (6 mo - 1 year)
Phase 3: transition to language (1 yo +)
7 characteristics of caregiver responsiveness
- Waiting and listening
- Following child’s lead
- Joining in and playing
- Being face to face
- Using a variety of questions and labels
- Encouraging turn taking
- Expanding and extending
3 important criteria for true words
- Produce the word with clear purpose
- Must have a recognizable pronunciation similar to actual word
- Used consistently and extends beyond the original context
What does a lexical entry include?
Sound of word , meaning of word, part of speech
Referential gestures
Gesture that indicates a precise referent and meaning across different context.
Customary age of production
50 % of children can produce a sound in an adult like way in multiple positions
Age of mastery
Age when children produce adult like sounds
Phonological processes
Systematic and rule-governed speech patterns that characterized toddlers speech
50 word mark occurs when?
18 months and 2 years
Brown stages (6)
- (18 mo) single words
- (24 mo) two word sentence
- (30 mo) 3 word sentences with ind clauses
- (36 mo) 4 word sentences
- (42 mo) connecting devices emerge (and, because)
- (54 mo) complex syntax
Quinean conundrum
Uncertainty surrounding mapping words to their referents in the face seemingly limitless interpretations
Fast mapping
Learn novel words with few exposures
Thematic roles toddlers acquire (5)
Agent: something that performs the action
Theme: movement
Source: starting point
Goal: ending point
Location: place
When does vocabulary spurt happen?
18 and 24 months of age or around the time they produce 50 words
How many words do children learn on average per day?
9
Overextension
Children use words in an overly general manner
3 overextensions
Categorical
Analogically
Relational
Categorical overextension
Extend a known word to another word in the same category
Analogical overextension
Extend a known word to other words that are similar (ball for round objects)
Relational overextension
Extend a known other to other words that are semantically or thematically related (flower for water can)
Under extension
Use words to refer to only a subset of possible referents (refer bottle to only her baby bottle and not other bottles)
Overlap
Overextend and underextend
3 reasons for word error use
Category membership errors
Pragmatic errors
Retrieval errors
6 discourse functions
- Instrumental functions: satisfy their needs (including requests)
- Regulatory functions: control others’ behavior ( imp eratives )
- Personal interactional functions: share information about themselves and their feelings with others
- Heuristic functions: requesting information of others to learn about the world
- Imaginative functions: telling stories to make believe and pretend
- Informative functions: give information to others
Contextualized language:
Grounding in our immediate context
The here and now
Decontextualized language
Relies on language for meaning
Emergent literacy
Earliest period of learning about reading and writing
Meta linguistic ability
Ability to view language as an object of attention
3 important achievements in emergent literacy for preschoolers
Alphabet knowledge: children’s knowledge about the letters of the alphabet
◦ Print awareness: children’s understanding of the forms and functions of written language
◦ Phonological awareness: children’s sensitivity to the sound units that make up speech (phonemes, syllables, words)
4 hypothesis to learning alphabet letters
Own name advantage
Letter name pronunciation effect
Letter order hypothesis
Consonant order hypothesis
Own name advantage
learn those letters earlier which occur in their own names
Letter name pronunciation effect
learn earlier those alphabet letters for which the name of the letter is in the letter’s pronunciation
Letter order hypothesis
letters occurring earlier in the alphabet string are learned before letters occurring later in the alphabet string
Consonant order hypothesis
letters for which corresponding consonantal phonemes are learned early in development are learned earlier than letters for which corresponding consonantal phonemes are learned later
6 achievements in print awareness
Print interest
Recognize that print exists in the environment and in books
Print functions: print conveys meaning and has a specific function
Print conventions: read print left to right and top to bottom
Print forms: specific print units– words and letters
Print part-to-whole relationships: letters combine to form words
