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Language, Speech, And Hearing Development > Chapter 1-Language Development > Flashcards

Chapter 1-Language Development Flashcards

1
Q

What is ASHA’s definition of language?

A

A complex dynamic system of conventional symbols that is use in various modes for though and communication

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2
Q

What are the four characteristics of language?

A
  1. Language is system of symbols
  2. Shared by members of a community or culture
  3. Dynamic
  4. A tool for human communication
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3
Q

Define morphemes

A

Smallest units of language that carry meaning: combined to create words

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4
Q

Define speech

A

Neuromuscular process by which we turn language into a sound signal that is transmitted through the air to a receiver

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5
Q

Define hearing

A

Perception of sound;A sensory system that allows speech to enter into and be processed by the human brain

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6
Q

Define communication

A

The process of sharing information among individuals

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7
Q

Define model of speech production

A

Way to represent an unknown even based on the current best evidence governing that event

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8
Q

What is the 3 stage process of model of speech production

A
  1. Perceptual target
  2. Motor schema
  3. Speech output/ongoing feedback
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9
Q

Define perceptual target (model of speech)

A

Abstract representation of speech sounds stream is produced

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10
Q

Define motor schema

A

Neurological brain system produce a rough plan of the abstract representation. General instructions are fed forward in syllable chunks to muscle groups

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11
Q

Define speech output/ongoing feedback (model of speech)

A

Air pressure is modulated as respiratory flow is sent forward. Articulates and oral cavity are manipulate to produce

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12
Q

What is acoustics?

A

Study of sound

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13
Q

(Sound fundamentals) What are the 4 acoustic events?

A
  1. Creation of sound source
  2. Vibration of air particles
  3. Reception by ear
  4. Comprehension by brain
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14
Q

Frequency/pitch (in terms of vibration in air particles)

A

How fast the particles move back and forth

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15
Q

Intensity/loudness (in terms of air particles vibration

A

How far apart the parties move when going back and forth

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16
Q

How does the brain comprehend sound?

A

Through the left hemisphere; translates the auditory information sent through the ear and along the auditory nerve

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17
Q

Co-articulation

A

Overlap of phonemes in the produce of strings of speech sounds

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18
Q

4 basic processes of communication

A

Formulation
Transmission
Reception
Comprehension

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19
Q

Define formulation (processes of communication)

A

Pulling together thoughts or ideas for sharing with another

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20
Q

Define transmission (communication process)

A

Conveying ideas to another person

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21
Q

Define reception (communication process)

A

Receiving information from another person

22
Q

Define comprehension (communication process)

A

Making sense of the message

23
Q

Define symbolic/referential communication

A

Arbitrary relationship between the entity and its referent

24
Q

Define pre-intentional communication

A

Relationship between a communicative behavior and its referent is assumed by others

25
Q

Intentional communication/iconic communication

A

Transparent relationship between the message and its referent

26
Q

Three basic purposes of communication

A

To request, reject, and comment

27
Q

What makes human communication unique?

A

Due to its use of language and speech in the communication process

28
Q

Three essential components of communication

A
  1. Sender formulates and sends message
  2. Receiver receives message and comprehends message
  3. A shared symbolic system
29
Q

3 types of feedback

A

Linguistic feedback: speaking
Non-linguistic/extralinguistic feedback : eye contact, facial expression, posture, proximity
Paralinguistic feedback: pitch, loudness, and pausing

30
Q

Define feedback

A

Information provided by the receiver to sender

31
Q

Seven purposes of communication

A 
Instrumental (ask something)
Regulatory (give directions)
Interactional (interact)
Personal (express mind)
Heuristic (find out info)
Imaginative (tell stories)
Informative (provide information)
32
Q

What are the 3 domains of language?

A

Content, form, and use

33
Q

Define content (domains of language)

A

Meaning of language

34
Q

Define form (domain of language)

A

How words, sentences, and sounds are organized and arranged to convey content

35
Q

Define use (domain of language)

A

Draw upon language functionality for meeting personal and social needs

36
Q

Allophones

A

Subtle variations of phonemes that occur due to contextual influences on how we produce phonemes in different words

37
Q

Phonotactics

A

Rules governing how sounds are organized in words for each language

38
Q

Morphology

A

Organization of words

39
Q

Syntax

A

Organization of sentences

40
Q

Semantics

A

Meaning of individual words and word combinations

41
Q

Pragmatics

A

How language is used for social purposes

42
Q

What are five remarkable features of language

A 
Rate of acquisition
Universality 
Species-specific
Semanticity 
Productivity
43
Q

Define phonology

A

The rules of language governing the sounds that make syllables and words

44
Q

Acquisition rate

A

The critical period for language development (birth to puberty)

45
Q

Define universality

A

Every person across the world have the same cognitive infrastructure to learn language

46
Q

Define semanticity

A

AKA displacement. There is no time or space boundaries for human language. (For example, someone talks about a cup- and the other person can know what they are talking about without the object being present)

47
Q

Define productivity

A

Describes the principle of combination of discrete units into seemingly infinite novel creations.

48
Q

Define language differences

A

Describes the variability among language users

49
Q

Code switching

A

Interchanges between the syntax and vocabulary of two languages

50
Q

Simultaneous bilingualism

A

Learn two languages at the same time

51
Q

Sequential bilingualism

A

Learn language one at a time

Language, Speech, And Hearing Development (5 decks)

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