Chapter 1-Language Development Flashcards
What is ASHA’s definition of language?
A complex dynamic system of conventional symbols that is use in various modes for though and communication
What are the four characteristics of language?
- Language is system of symbols
- Shared by members of a community or culture
- Dynamic
- A tool for human communication
Define morphemes
Smallest units of language that carry meaning: combined to create words
Define speech
Neuromuscular process by which we turn language into a sound signal that is transmitted through the air to a receiver
Define hearing
Perception of sound;A sensory system that allows speech to enter into and be processed by the human brain
Define communication
The process of sharing information among individuals
Define model of speech production
Way to represent an unknown even based on the current best evidence governing that event
What is the 3 stage process of model of speech production
- Perceptual target
- Motor schema
- Speech output/ongoing feedback
Define perceptual target (model of speech)
Abstract representation of speech sounds stream is produced
Define motor schema
Neurological brain system produce a rough plan of the abstract representation. General instructions are fed forward in syllable chunks to muscle groups
Define speech output/ongoing feedback (model of speech)
Air pressure is modulated as respiratory flow is sent forward. Articulates and oral cavity are manipulate to produce
What is acoustics?
Study of sound
(Sound fundamentals) What are the 4 acoustic events?
- Creation of sound source
- Vibration of air particles
- Reception by ear
- Comprehension by brain
Frequency/pitch (in terms of vibration in air particles)
How fast the particles move back and forth
Intensity/loudness (in terms of air particles vibration
How far apart the parties move when going back and forth
How does the brain comprehend sound?
Through the left hemisphere; translates the auditory information sent through the ear and along the auditory nerve
Co-articulation
Overlap of phonemes in the produce of strings of speech sounds
4 basic processes of communication
Formulation
Transmission
Reception
Comprehension
Define formulation (processes of communication)
Pulling together thoughts or ideas for sharing with another
Define transmission (communication process)
Conveying ideas to another person
Define reception (communication process)
Receiving information from another person
Define comprehension (communication process)
Making sense of the message
Define symbolic/referential communication
Arbitrary relationship between the entity and its referent
Define pre-intentional communication
Relationship between a communicative behavior and its referent is assumed by others
Intentional communication/iconic communication
Transparent relationship between the message and its referent
Three basic purposes of communication
To request, reject, and comment
What makes human communication unique?
Due to its use of language and speech in the communication process
Three essential components of communication
- Sender formulates and sends message
- Receiver receives message and comprehends message
- A shared symbolic system
3 types of feedback
Linguistic feedback: speaking
Non-linguistic/extralinguistic feedback : eye contact, facial expression, posture, proximity
Paralinguistic feedback: pitch, loudness, and pausing
Define feedback
Information provided by the receiver to sender
Seven purposes of communication
Instrumental (ask something) Regulatory (give directions) Interactional (interact) Personal (express mind) Heuristic (find out info) Imaginative (tell stories) Informative (provide information)
What are the 3 domains of language?
Content, form, and use
Define content (domains of language)
Meaning of language
Define form (domain of language)
How words, sentences, and sounds are organized and arranged to convey content
Define use (domain of language)
Draw upon language functionality for meeting personal and social needs
Allophones
Subtle variations of phonemes that occur due to contextual influences on how we produce phonemes in different words
Phonotactics
Rules governing how sounds are organized in words for each language
Morphology
Organization of words
Syntax
Organization of sentences
Semantics
Meaning of individual words and word combinations
Pragmatics
How language is used for social purposes
What are five remarkable features of language
Rate of acquisition Universality Species-specific Semanticity Productivity
Define phonology
The rules of language governing the sounds that make syllables and words
Acquisition rate
The critical period for language development (birth to puberty)
Define universality
Every person across the world have the same cognitive infrastructure to learn language
Define semanticity
AKA displacement. There is no time or space boundaries for human language. (For example, someone talks about a cup- and the other person can know what they are talking about without the object being present)
Define productivity
Describes the principle of combination of discrete units into seemingly infinite novel creations.
Define language differences
Describes the variability among language users
Code switching
Interchanges between the syntax and vocabulary of two languages
Simultaneous bilingualism
Learn two languages at the same time
Sequential bilingualism
Learn language one at a time
