chapter 5&6 Flashcards
learning
A relatively permanent change in one’s behavior due to experience
response-stinulus Associations are to ___ and stimulus-stimulus Association‘s are to ___
- operant conditioning
- classical conditioning
UCR
unlearned/natural response to a stimulus without conditioning
CR
Learned response to condition stimulus because association mode between two stimuli
UCS
Stimulus that evokes a natural response without conditioning
CS
previously neutral stimulus, but through conditioning, acquired unconditional response
classical conditioning
Type of learning in which an individual makes associations between a neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus
The first experimental studies of associative learning or conducted by who?
ivan Pavlov
John B Watson the father of what school of thought or Perspective
behaviorism
In Pavlovs experiments the dogs salivation triggered by the taste of food was a what?
Unconditioned response
in Pavlovs experiments the dog salvation triggered by the sound of a tone was a what?
Conditioned response
A childs fear at the sight of a hypodermic needle is what kind of response?
Unconditioned response
if a tone causes a dog to salivate because it has regular been associated with the presentation of food, the tone is called a what?
conditioned stimulus
In Pavlovs classical conditioning experiment with his dogs, the ___ signal the end petting occurrence of the ___
- CS
- UCS
what did John B Watson believe that human character development
environment is a big factor
- observable
Spontaneous recovery refers to?
reappearence of an extinguished response after a certain time period 
extinction occurs when a ___ is no longer paired with a ___
- CR
- UCR
Toddlers talk to you for your speeding cars they also began to for your speeding Truxion motorcycles. This best illustrates what?
generalization
John B Watson study of little Albert demonstrate what
manufacturing of a phobia
after learning to fear a way rat, little Aber responded with fear to the site of a rabbit. This best illustrates the process of what?
generalization
P.S Skinners work elaborated on what E.L Thorndike had called?
Law of Effect- he responds in presence of stimulus leads to satisfy effects, association between similar and response is strength and
Describe the skinner box
A chamber and which a rat would be “shaped” or “trained” to do a certain behavior
you would most likely use operant conditioning to teach a dog to do what?
learn new behaviors
what are succesive approximations
 shaping, hot/cold game; approximation of desired response
an event that increases the frequency of the behavior that it follows is a what?
positive reinforcement
fixed ratio schedule
reinforcer is given to a fixed number of non-reinforced responses
ex- student gets reward if homework is turned in on time five times in a row
A varied interval schedule
reinforcer is given for first response after variable time interval has elapsed (varies)
ex- fishing
variable ratio schedule
reinforcer is given after a verbal number of non-reinforced responses (after diff # of correct responses)
ex- slot machine
Fixed interval schedule
reinforcer is given for first response after a fixed interval has elapsed (10,20,30 seconds) ex- students work quietly in class but must wait till class is over to get reward
an aversive consequence that decreases the reoccurrence of the behavior that precedes it is a what?
punishment
for purposes of effective child-rearing, most psychologists favor the use of punishments or reinforces to increase behavior and or deal with bad behavior?
reinforcement
if psychologist don’t like the use of physical punishment, what are the reasons?
causes resentment and fear towards the person giving the punishment
cognitive map
Mental representation/picture of a physical environment due to learning
the desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment involves?
extrinsic motivation
According to B.F Skinner, human behavior is controlled primarily by what?
external influences
- environment, rewards, punishment
And I won’t know experiment, preschool children pounded and kicked a large inflated bobo doll that an adult had just beaten up the experiment served to illustrate the importance of?
how you act around kids and not doing things you don’t want them to see/do
Encoding
The process of forming: putting info into a memory
The process of getting information out of memory storage is called what?
retrieval
flashbulb memory would typically be stores in ____ memory?
long term
automatic processing
tasks that can be done without the need for conscious attention
the conscious Repetition of information in order to maintain it in memory is called?
maintenance rehearsal
spacing effect
Learning is more effective when studying time is spaced out
primacy effect versus recency effect
- remember first items
- remember last items
neurotransmitter associated with memory as well as Alzheimer’s
acetylcholine
Structure of the brain responsible for transferring STM to LTM
hippocampus
The tendency to immediately recall the first and last items in a list better than in the middle items is known as the ____ affect?
serial-order
semantic encoding
When a word, phrase, or picture is encoded on the basis of meaning rather than the sound or vision of it
mnemonic device
Specific and coding technique that can aid retrieval by helping organize and add meaningfulness to new material
method of Loci
A pneumonic device that calls for linking the items on a list with a memorize list of places
- associating items to be remembed with a well-known location(s)
Acronyms
a mnemonic device Huron Ontario Michigan Erie Superior
Chunking
A group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unit
Narrative chaining
technique to improve retrieval by creating a story
being able to imagine a word or phrase does what to your ability to remember it
helps form concepts or terms with mental images
Schemas and how they affect memory
an internal organized general knowledge system stored in LTM to help us organize information
-past experiences
Over learning
process of practicing for rehearsing material over and above what is needed to learn it 
Distributive practice versus mass practice
- overtime studying (spreading/distributing learning)
- cramming in a short period of time
Flashbulb memories and their accuracy
vivid and detailed recollection of momentous events
Relearning
the change in performance that occurs when a person is required to learn material for a second time
the clive wearing case
A man without LTM because of viral infection that attacked his Hippocamppus
- can no longer transfer STM to LTM
Amnesia associated with damage to what part of the brain?
hippocampus
autobiographical memory seems to develop when?
3-4 years old
Episodic memory
remember a particular event or episode
The formation of new memories probably increases the formation of what?
LTM
evidence suggests that we can recall true memories of events that happened to us at what age?
3+
Iconic memory
visual
- The sparkler effect
-
Flading photographic memory which only lasts a few tenths of a second
Sensory memory
reserve info in original sensory form for brief time (fraction of a second) 
echoic memory
- auditory
- fleeting auditory memory of sounds or phrases
STM and LTM capacity and duration
STM- limited capacity (20-30 seconds 5-7 pieces of info)
LTM- unlimited capacity
retrieval cues
aspects of an individuals physical and cognitive which aid the recall process
state dependent memory
same emotional state when recalling as encoding
misinformation effect
The tendency for post-event information to interfere with the memory of the original event
Functions associated with the hippocampus
forming long term memories
