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ap psych > chapter 5&6 > Flashcards

chapter 5&6 Flashcards

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1
Q

learning

A

A relatively permanent change in one’s behavior due to experience

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2
Q

response-stinulus Associations are to ___ and stimulus-stimulus Association‘s are to ___

A
  • operant conditioning

- classical conditioning

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3
Q

UCR

A

unlearned/natural response to a stimulus without conditioning

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4
Q

CR

A

Learned response to condition stimulus because association mode between two stimuli

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5
Q

UCS

A

Stimulus that evokes a natural response without conditioning

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6
Q

CS

A

previously neutral stimulus, but through conditioning, acquired unconditional response

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7
Q

classical conditioning

A

Type of learning in which an individual makes associations between a neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus

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8
Q

The first experimental studies of associative learning or conducted by who?

A

ivan Pavlov

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9
Q

John B Watson the father of what school of thought or Perspective

A

behaviorism

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10
Q

In Pavlovs experiments the dogs salivation triggered by the taste of food was a what?

A

Unconditioned response

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11
Q

in Pavlovs experiments the dog salvation triggered by the sound of a tone was a what?

A

Conditioned response

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12
Q

A childs fear at the sight of a hypodermic needle is what kind of response?

A

Unconditioned response

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13
Q

if a tone causes a dog to salivate because it has regular been associated with the presentation of food, the tone is called a what?

A

conditioned stimulus

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14
Q

In Pavlovs classical conditioning experiment with his dogs, the ___ signal the end petting occurrence of the ___

A
  • CS

- UCS

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15
Q

what did John B Watson believe that human character development

A

environment is a big factor

- observable

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16
Q

Spontaneous recovery refers to?

A

reappearence of an extinguished response after a certain time period 

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17
Q

extinction occurs when a ___ is no longer paired with a ___

A
  • CR

- UCR

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18
Q

Toddlers talk to you for your speeding cars they also began to for your speeding Truxion motorcycles. This best illustrates what?

A

generalization

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19
Q

John B Watson study of little Albert demonstrate what

A

manufacturing of a phobia

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20
Q

after learning to fear a way rat, little Aber responded with fear to the site of a rabbit. This best illustrates the process of what?

A

generalization

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21
Q

P.S Skinners work elaborated on what E.L Thorndike had called?

A

Law of Effect- he responds in presence of stimulus leads to satisfy effects, association between similar and response is strength and

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22
Q

Describe the skinner box

A

A chamber and which a rat would be “shaped” or “trained” to do a certain behavior

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23
Q

you would most likely use operant conditioning to teach a dog to do what?

A

learn new behaviors

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24
Q

what are succesive approximations

A

 shaping, hot/cold game; approximation of desired response

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25
Q

an event that increases the frequency of the behavior that it follows is a what?

A

positive reinforcement

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26
Q

fixed ratio schedule

A

reinforcer is given to a fixed number of non-reinforced responses
ex- student gets reward if homework is turned in on time five times in a row

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27
Q

A varied interval schedule

A

reinforcer is given for first response after variable time interval has elapsed (varies)
ex- fishing

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28
Q

variable ratio schedule

A

reinforcer is given after a verbal number of non-reinforced responses (after diff # of correct responses)
ex- slot machine

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29
Q

Fixed interval schedule

A 
reinforcer is given for first response after a fixed interval has elapsed (10,20,30 seconds)
ex- students work quietly in class but must wait till class is over to get reward
30
Q

an aversive consequence that decreases the reoccurrence of the behavior that precedes it is a what?

A

punishment

31
Q

for purposes of effective child-rearing, most psychologists favor the use of punishments or reinforces to increase behavior and or deal with bad behavior?

A

reinforcement

32
Q

if psychologist don’t like the use of physical punishment, what are the reasons?

A

causes resentment and fear towards the person giving the punishment

33
Q

cognitive map

A

Mental representation/picture of a physical environment due to learning

34
Q

the desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment involves?

A

extrinsic motivation

35
Q

According to B.F Skinner, human behavior is controlled primarily by what?

A

external influences

- environment, rewards, punishment

36
Q

And I won’t know experiment, preschool children pounded and kicked a large inflated bobo doll that an adult had just beaten up the experiment served to illustrate the importance of?

A

how you act around kids and not doing things you don’t want them to see/do

37
Q

Encoding

A

The process of forming: putting info into a memory

38
Q

The process of getting information out of memory storage is called what?

A

retrieval

39
Q

flashbulb memory would typically be stores in ____ memory?

A

long term

40
Q

automatic processing

A

tasks that can be done without the need for conscious attention

41
Q

the conscious Repetition of information in order to maintain it in memory is called?

A

maintenance rehearsal

42
Q

spacing effect

A

Learning is more effective when studying time is spaced out

43
Q

primacy effect versus recency effect

A
  • remember first items

- remember last items

44
Q

neurotransmitter associated with memory as well as Alzheimer’s

A

acetylcholine

45
Q

Structure of the brain responsible for transferring STM to LTM

A

hippocampus

46
Q

The tendency to immediately recall the first and last items in a list better than in the middle items is known as the ____ affect?

A

serial-order

47
Q

semantic encoding

A

When a word, phrase, or picture is encoded on the basis of meaning rather than the sound or vision of it

48
Q

mnemonic device

A

Specific and coding technique that can aid retrieval by helping organize and add meaningfulness to new material

49
Q

method of Loci

A

A pneumonic device that calls for linking the items on a list with a memorize list of places
- associating items to be remembed with a well-known location(s)

50
Q

Acronyms

A 
a mnemonic device 
Huron
Ontario 
Michigan
Erie
Superior
51
Q

Chunking

A

A group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unit

52
Q

Narrative chaining

A

technique to improve retrieval by creating a story

53
Q

being able to imagine a word or phrase does what to your ability to remember it

A

helps form concepts or terms with mental images

54
Q

Schemas and how they affect memory

A

an internal organized general knowledge system stored in LTM to help us organize information
-past experiences

55
Q

Over learning

A

process of practicing for rehearsing material over and above what is needed to learn it 

56
Q

Distributive practice versus mass practice

A
  • overtime studying (spreading/distributing learning)

- cramming in a short period of time

57
Q

Flashbulb memories and their accuracy

A

vivid and detailed recollection of momentous events

58
Q

Relearning

A

the change in performance that occurs when a person is required to learn material for a second time

59
Q

the clive wearing case

A

A man without LTM because of viral infection that attacked his Hippocamppus
- can no longer transfer STM to LTM

60
Q

Amnesia associated with damage to what part of the brain?

A

hippocampus

61
Q

autobiographical memory seems to develop when?

A

3-4 years old

62
Q

Episodic memory

A

remember a particular event or episode

63
Q

The formation of new memories probably increases the formation of what?

A

LTM

64
Q

evidence suggests that we can recall true memories of events that happened to us at what age?

A

3+

65
Q

Iconic memory

A

visual
- The sparkler effect
-
Flading photographic memory which only lasts a few tenths of a second

66
Q

Sensory memory

A

reserve info in original sensory form for brief time (fraction of a second) 

67
Q

echoic memory

A
  • auditory

- fleeting auditory memory of sounds or phrases

68
Q

STM and LTM capacity and duration

A

STM- limited capacity (20-30 seconds 5-7 pieces of info)

LTM- unlimited capacity

69
Q

retrieval cues

A

aspects of an individuals physical and cognitive which aid the recall process

70
Q

state dependent memory

A

same emotional state when recalling as encoding

71
Q

misinformation effect

A

The tendency for post-event information to interfere with the memory of the original event

72
Q

Functions associated with the hippocampus

A

forming long term memories

ap psych (3 decks)

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