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chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition of neuron

A

nerve cell that transmits information from one part of the body to another via neural impulses

  • 1 billion in spinal cord
  • 100 billion in brain
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2
Q

Genetic information is found in what part of the neuron

A

The Soma or cell body

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3
Q

correct neural sequence

A

dendrite, cell body, axon, synapse

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4
Q

names and functions of the neuron

A
  • neural impulse: change in electrical charges
  • ions: electrically charged atoms & molecules
  • resting potential: inactive (-70mV)
  • action potential: brief change in neurons electrical charge (+40mV)
  • all–or–none principle: stimulated neuron either will or will not fire at all
  • Neurothreshold: minimum amount of stimulation
    — if not met (-60mV) continue to be inactive (-70mV)
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5
Q

how many neurons are in the human brain

A

100 billion neurons

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6
Q

what is the speed of a neuron… myelinated versus unmyelinated

A

200 mph
150 m/s — myelinated
0.5-10 m/s — unmyelinated



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7
Q

What is neurogenesis and where does it occur

A
  • growth and development of neurons

- occurs in lower region or base of brain

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8
Q

ions help neurons do what

A

fire, by giving them “fuel” by transferring ions (sodium potassium and chloride) outside of the neurons to inside 

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9
Q

what is the mV rating for a neuron at rest and at its neural threshold

A

rest: -70mV

neural threshold: -60mV

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10
Q

describe the all-or-none principle

A

The neuron either fires or it doesn’t

- requires rest before another fire

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11
Q

Synapse

A

The junction between the axon terminal and the dendrite of the next neuron
- neuron communicate with other cells

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12
Q

Vesicles containing what

A

Neurotransmitters (chemical messengers)

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13
Q

the “washing away” or “vacuuming affect” a neurotransmitters is technically called what

A

Re-uptake

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14
Q

what are the different divisions of the nervous system and what do they do

A

-CNS- brain and spinal cord
— Receives, stores, transmits, and processes sensory information
-PNS- connects all parts of the body with CNS
— somatic and autonomic
— sends and receives sensory information from the outer (peripheral parts) of the body and back to the CNS


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15
Q

What is the endocrine system and what does it do

A
  • glands that secrete chemicals into the bloodstream to help control bodily functions
  • partner to the nervous system
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16
Q

What are hormones and how do they work

A
  • chemicals release into blood stream
  • deliver messages to the body like neurotransmitters
  • fight or flight response: adrenaline released during stressful events
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17
Q

Neurons in the spinal cord in the effects of injuries to his neurons

A
  • sensory: carry impulses to brain/spinal cord
  • motor: carry impulses away from brain/spinal cord and two muscles and glands
  • interneurons: within the CNS
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18
Q

What is the knee-jerk response and where is it processed

A
  • urgent “pain” messages I responded to by the neurons and the spinal cord
  • spinal cord
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19
Q

lower/mid region of the brain and what its responsible for

A

-lower: medulla pons cerebellum
— unconscious but essential functions; heart rate and breathing
— cross lateralization
— balance, alertness, focus, and sleep
-mid: reticular activating system
— filters out unwanted stimuli
— nerve fibers involved in maintaining levels of arousal
— reticular formation

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20
Q

Upper region of the brain and its responsibilities

A
  • limbic system: emotion, motivation, memory
    — amygdala: emotion
    — hippocampus: memory
  • thalamus: relay station
  • hypothalamus: Basic biological needs
    — Controls ANS (metabolic rate, glucose levels)
  • basal ganglia: slow movements and motor responding
    — Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, OCD by deterioration
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21
Q

what does the brain stem include

A
  • medulla: controls involuntary functions (coughing, sneezing)
    - pons: relay station for sensory messages from the spinal cord and face, up to higher brain centers; high impulses from upper brain to lower body
  • cross lateralization: fiber on one side of the body connects to opposite side of the brain
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22
Q

what is the medulla responsible for

A

unconscious essential functions

- freezing, heart rate, digestion

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23
Q

What is cross lateralization

A

when the right hemisphere controls the left side of the body and vice versa
- reasons are unknown

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24
Q

The reticular activating system or RAS is responsible for what

A

complex network of nerve fibers involved in maintaining levels of arousal
- keeps you at certain level of awareness
- filters out unwanted stimuli
- reticular formation


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25
Q

What is the cerebellum and its responsibilities

A
  • “little brain”
  • critical for balance
  • coordination of movement (fine motor movements)
    
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26
Q

Damage to the basal ganglia is related to what disease

A

Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, Tourette’s, OCD

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27
Q

What is the amygdala and its responsibilities

A
  • part of brain

- emotions (range and fear)

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28
Q

what are the functions of the thalamus hypothalamus and cerebral cortex

A
  • thalamus: relay station; sends sensory information from PNS to brain
    — associated with schizophrenia
  • hypothalamus: regulation of biological needs; Controls ANS; vital link between brain and endocrine system (metabolic rate)
  • cerebral cortex: outer covering of brain in charge of complex thoughts
    — contains gyrus‘ and suclus’ (hills ans valleys)
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29
Q

What is the machine used to measure electrical activity in the brain (firing neurons)

A

EEG: electroencephalogram 

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30
Q

what is the machine used to determine brain activity in the brain

A

fMRI: functional magnetic resonance imaging

— detects changes in blood oxygenated and flow that occur in response to neural activity

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31
Q

Machine that uses x-rays to pier and said the brain

A

CAT/CT scan: computerized axial tomography

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32
Q

Machine that uses magnets to peer inside the brain

A

MRI: magnetic resonance imaging

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33
Q

Functions of the parietal, frontal, temporal, and occipital lobes of the brain

A
  • frontal: important/executive decisions and personality (fine muscle groups)
  • temporal: near temples; auditory info and smell
  • Parietal: touch and environmental awareness (pain and pressure)
  • occipital: visual signals & info (eye sight)
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34
Q

What are the recovery rates for stroke victims women versus men

A

Women are more likely to recover because functions lost as a result of damage in one hemisphere can be taken over more easily by the other undamaged hemisphere
— women’s intellectual functioning is more balanced

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35
Q

right brain versus left brains strengths or specialization

A
  • right: Creative, musical, and artistic skills, special perception, body control and awareness
  • left: logical and math skills writing and language ability
36
Q

Reasons for cutting the corpus callosum

A

prevents epileptic seizures (callosotomy)

- if not cut, “alien hand” syndrome is possible

37
Q

Function and location of the corpus callosum

A
  • connects two cerebral hemispheres
  • signals travel from one side of the body to opposite hemisphere of the brain
  • frontal lobes in genu
38
Q

functions and location of the Wernick‘s in Brocas areas of the brain

A
  • Wernickes: speech comprehension in organizing ideas (left hemisphere)
  • Brocas: production of speech (left hemisphere)
39
Q

Parts of a neuron

A

Cell body (nucleus), dendrites, and axons with bare endings

40
Q

myelin

A

 White, fatty covering on some accents; insulates, protects, speeds impulses

41
Q

Chemical ion

A

electrically charged (+ or -) chemical particle

42
Q

Neural threshold

A

minimum amount of stimulation required to get a neuron to fire

43
Q

Components of the ANS

A

autonomic nervous system = sympathetic + parasympathetic divisions

44
Q

Endocrine system

A

glands that release hormones into the bloodstream (slower than nervous system)

45
Q

Synaptic space

A

tiny space between the axon of one neuron in the dendrite of the next - where neurotransmitters go

46
Q

Two functions of spinal cord

A

1- spinal reflex behaviors
2- speed impulses to and from brain


47
Q

Two parts of brainstem

A

The medulla in the pons

48
Q

Parts of the limbic system

A

1- amygdala (emotion)
2- Septum (emotion)
3- hippocampus (memory)

49
Q

Corpus callosum

A

fibers that connects left and right hemispheres of cerebral cortex – severed in split brain operation

50
Q

Cerebral cortex lobes

A

Frontal, tempura, occipital, and parietal

51
Q

which of the following less the major structures of the neuron incorrect order
a- cell body, dendrite, axon
b-  axon, dendrite, cell body
c- dendrite, cell body, axon
d- any of these may be correct depending upon the particular neuron involved

A

c- dendrite, cell body, axon

52
Q 
The following structures, which is likely to occur in neurons in the greatest number
a-  dendrites
b- nuclei
c- axons
d- cell bodies
A

d- cell bodies

53
Q

Milan shearhs serve several different functions. Which of these is not something that Milan normally does?
a- insulates axons from other nearby axons
b- helps to speed up impulse transmission
c- produces in stores the neurons neurotransmitters
d- protects the delicate axon against physical damage

A

c – produces in stores then there are on neurotransmitters

54
Q

when a neuron is “at rest,”
a- it has no electrical charge
b- The inside of the neuron has a negative charge compared to the outside
c- it is in the process of “firing,” or transmitting an impulse
d- Chemical ions are racing in and out of the neuron

A

b- The inside of the neuron has a negative charge compared to the outside

55
Q 
when an impulse moves down or a long in neuron, what physically moves from one end of the neuron to the other?
a- The chemical ions involved
b- The neural membrane itself
c- The fluids within the neuron
d- nothing 
A

a- The chemical ions involved

56
Q

The “all-or-non principal “ states that
a- A neuron will either fire or it won’t
b- neural impulses always travel in one direction
c- some neurons always fire; some neurons never fire
d- Neurons either have a threshold or they don’t

A

a- A neuron will either fire or it won’t

57
Q 
although there are many specific neurotransmitters, we can classify them in turns of their actions as being either
a- Central or peripheral
b- excitatory or inhibitory
c- Century or motor
d- exotic or dendritic
A

b- excitatory or inhibitory

58
Q

Parasympathetic division

A

Active when we are relaxing quiet

59
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Referred to as the master gland, it has direct control over the activity of many other glands in the system

60
Q

Thyroid gland

A

located on the neck, it produces a hormone called thyroxine, which regulates the pace of the body’s functioning

61
Q

Adrenal glands

A

Located on the kidneys, they secrete a variety of hormones into the bloodstream

62
Q

Behavior genetics

A

the discipline that studies the effects of genetics on psychological functioning

63
Q

Epigenetic’s

A

refers to a complex biochemical system that exists above the basic level of one DNA code (genetics) that can affect the over expression of genetically influence traits

64
Q

Spinal cord

A

A mass of interconnected neurons within the spinal column that looks rather like a section of rope or thick twine

65
Q

sensory neurons

A

neurons are nerve fibers that carry impulses towards the brain or spinal cord

66
Q

Motor neurons

A

Neurons in if I was that carry impulses away from the spinal cord and brain to muscles and glands

67
Q

Interneurons

A

Neurons within the central nervous system

68
Q

Spinal reflexes

A

Simple, automatic behaviors that occur without conscious voluntary action of the brain

69
Q

Brainstem

A

Formed by the medulla in the pons; slight widening of the cord that suggests the transition to brain tissue

70
Q

medulla

A

it’s nuclei control in voluntary functions such as coughing, sneezing, tongue movements, and reflexive eye movements

71
Q

Cross lateralization

A

In the Branson; nerve fibers crossing from one side of the body to the opposite side of the brain

72
Q

pons

A

serves as relay station; sorts and relays sensory messages from spinal cord and the face up to higher brain centers; and similarly relaying motor impulses from higher centers of the brain down to the rest of the body

73
Q

cerebellum

A

The rolw is to smooth and coordinate rapid bodily movements

74
Q

Reticular formation

A

Involved in determining are level of activation or arousal

75
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Involved in the planning, initiation, and coordination of large, slow movements

76
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

Hey disorder involving the basal ganglia, in which the most noticeable symptoms are impairment of movement and involuntary tremors

77
Q

Limbic system

A

A collection of small structures that controls many of the complex behavioral patterns that are often considered to be instinctive

78
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Major part of the limbic system; less directly involved in emotion and more involved with the formation of memories

79
Q

Thalamus

A

I realize station for impulses traveling to and from the cerebral cortex

80
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

The outer covering of the brain that makes us uniquely human by giving us our ability to think, reason, and use language

81
Q

electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

Recordings of the electrical activity of the brain

82
Q

Sensory areas

A

an area of the cerebral cortex that receives impulses from the senses

83
Q

Motor areas

A

Areas of the cerebral cortex where most voluntary activity is initiated

84
Q

Association areas

A

Areas of the cerebrum were sensory input is integrated with motor responses and we’re cognitive functions such as problem-solving, memory, and thinking occur

85
Q

Corpus callosum

A

A network of fibers that interconnect the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex

86
Q

Split-brain procedure

A

Hey surgical technique that separates the functions of the two hemispheres of the brain

ap psych (3 decks)

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