chapter 3 Flashcards
sensation
the conversion of energy from the environment into a pattern if responses by the nervous system
Just Noticable Difference/JND
the smallest difference in the amount of stimulation that a specific sense can detect
example: increase or decreade in sound, light, smell, or touch
transfuction/transducers
external stimuli is transformedor changed some from physical stimuli into chemical/neural stimulus
accommodation to the eye
reflexive change in the lens of the eye to bring into sharp focus object at difference distances
*more difficult as we get older because gets t rigid and the ciliary muscles weaken
when does transduction occur in the eye and ear?
retina and cochlea
blind spot
area where optic nerve exits the retina and to thr brain
— no rods or cones
trichromatic theory of color vision
- Thomas Young and Herman von Helmholtz
- primary hues
- eye has 3 distinct receptors for each color, each receptor responds to 1 of 3 primary colors
opponent process theory of color vision
- color is perceived in 3 channels
- either-or-response made to pairs of antagonistic colors
- processors of blue-yellow, red-green, black-white
- each processor is capable of reaponding to either of two colors but not both simultaneously
% of men affected my color vision/colorblind?
8%
function of the pinna
- in ear and made of cartilage
- sound collection = main purpose
- not meant for decorating
- exterior part of ear
- “funnels” sound waves
function of hair cells
convert physical stimulation into neural signals
- vibration= start of neural impulses which leave the ear and travel down auditory nerve to the temporal lobe of brain
function of ossicles
- malleus(hammer), Incus(anvil), stapes(stirrup)
- stapes = smalleat hone in body
- form a chain of “levers” which extend from eardrum to oval window
technical name for taste
gustation
technicial name for smell
olfactory
the receptor cells for taste and smell are called what?
chemoreceptors
our sense of balance is called what?
vestibular sense
our body position sense is called what?
kinesthetic sense
motion sickness is caused by what?
overstimulation of fluid inside the cochlea
retina
- neural tissue lining the inside back surface of the eye
- where neural process of vision begins…where light energy is “transduced/transferred” into neural energy, mostly on the back of the eye
aqueous humor
- nourishes the cornea and structures at the front of the eye
- only found in front portion of the eye
vitreous humor
- keeps the eyeball rounded by filling the space behind the lens
- fluid fills the interior parts of the eye, keeping the space filled and rounded
hearing is in what brain lobe
temporal lobe
fovea
tiny spot in the center of the retina that contains only cones
- cones are “detail oriented“ this allows us to read and see small details
Ciliary muscles
small muscles attached to lens
– controls shape in focusing capability called accommodation
Iris
- ring of muscle who’s pigmentation gives eye its characteristic color (blue,brown,hazel)
- Regulates size of the pupil
pupil
opening in the center of the iris that helps regulate the amount of light passing into the rear chamber of the eye
- dilates or contracts depending on amount of light present in the environment
Lens
- focuses on the light rays falling on the retina
- transparent eye structure
- thickness changes to focus image on retina
- Cataracts affect this area
Cornea
- serves as protection for the structures behind its tough, round, transparent shell of the eye
- protects front of the eye
- first point in which the light rays are bent as they enter the eye
Cochlea
- A fluid filled coiled tunnel within the bone of the skull
- where transduction occurs
- receptor cells are located here
when fluid moves inside the basilar membrane vibrates which causes the receptor cells (hair cells) to vibrate
basilar membrane
runs the length of the cochlea and holds the auditory receptors called
Oval window
a membrane similar to but smaller than the eardrum
- everything beyond the oval window is considered the inner ear
what is another name for the pinna
auricle
sensory interaction
taste and smell work together
tastebuds
Buy your neural impulses when they absorb chemicals dissolved in your saliva
How many taste buds do we have
can they regenerate
about 10,000
yes
