Chapter 5

Question 1

What is a theory?

Answer 1

helps you understand phenomena and explains the reasons why it exists or behaves the way it does

Question 2

How is a theory applied to human motor control and behavior?

Answer 2

it explains the behavioral sciences; “why people perform skills they way they do

Question 3

How do theories help practitioners?

Answer 3

if we know why someone does something, then we can develop practice conditions to help them

Question 4

What are two things essential to a motor control theory?

Answer 4

coordination and degrees of freedom

Question 5

What is coordination?

Answer 5

the patterning of head, body, and limb movements relative to the environmental object and events.

Question 6

What are the two parts of coordination to consider?

Answer 6

relationship among joints to the body segments at a specific time
and
relationship between pattern of coordination and environment.

Question 7

What are degrees of freedom?

Answer 7

numbers of independent elements in a control system

Question 8

What is an open loop system?

Answer 8

all information needed to initiate and carry out an action is contained in the initial instructions.

Question 9

What is a closed loop system?

Answer 9

feedback is used to reference and action to be carried out as planned.

Question 10

Which system is fast, ballistic, and occurs <200ms?

Answer 10

open loop system

Question 11

Which system is slow, controlled, and >200ms?

Answer 11

Closed loop system

Question 12

What is the feedback in the closed loop system?

Answer 12

information about the movement that provides correction to the error or continuation with the movement.

Question 13

What are the two theories of motor control?

Answer 13

Motor Program-Based Theory

Dynamic Pattern Theory

Question 14

What is the motor program - based theory?

Answer 14

memory based mechanism that controls coordinated movements.

Question 15

Who came up with the generalized motor program?

Answer 15

Schmidt

Question 16

What is the GMP?

Answer 16

controls a class of actions, that have a unique set of features, rather than specific movements.

Question 17

What are the features that are apart of the GMP?

Answer 17

invariant features and parameters

Question 18

What are invariant features?

Answer 18

define the GMP and does not vary from person to person.

Question 19

What are parameters?

Answer 19

features of the GMP that can be varied from one performance to another (Added to the invariant features)

Question 20

What did the GMP hypothesize?

Answer 20

memory based mechanisms are responsible for adaptive and flexible qualities of human movement.

Question 21

Invariant features of handwriting?

Answer 21

order of elements
relative force
relative timing

Question 22

Parameters of handwriting?

Answer 22

muscles used
overall force
overall timing

Question 23

What is a set of rules that serves to provide the basis for a decision?

Answer 23

A schema

Question 24

Running and Walking use different what?

Answer 24

motor programs and relative timing

Question 25

What is the basis for the dynamic pattern theory?

Answer 25

the role of information in the environment and the properties of the body and limbs

Question 26

What are the different disciplines that make up the dynamic pattern theory?

Answer 26

physics
biology
chemistry
mathematics

Question 27

What is nonlinear behavior?

Answer 27

behavior that changes abruptly, not linearly

EX: running going to a walk

Question 28

What does stability refer to?

Answer 28

behavioral steady state of a system?

Question 29

What is a stable state of motor control systems that represents preferred patterns of coordination?

Answer 29

attractors

Question 30

What are characteristics of an attractor?

Answer 30

Order parameters
Control parameters
Trial to trial performance
Stability
Energy efficient

Question 31

What is an order parameter?

Answer 31

defines the movement pattern (invariant)

Question 32

What is the most prominent of the order parameter?

Answer 32

the relative phase

Question 33

What are control parameters?

Answer 33

change freely according to the characteristics of a situation; influences the stability and character of the order parameter
EX: speed

Question 34

What does it mean if it is in a energy efficient state?

Answer 34

the person is moving at a preferred rate rather than a non preferred rate.

Question 35

What is behavior that emerges in response to a particular set of constraints?

Answer 35

self organization behavior

Question 36

When applied to human movement, the concept of self organization means that when a certain situation emerges, a specific limb movement occurs.

Answer 36

jk

Question 37

What is a group of muscles constrained to act as a functional unit?

Answer 37

coordinative structures; muscle synergies

EX: walking with a cast on your leg, the body learns how move according to the cast (experience)

Question 38

These coordinative structures can be developed through practice by..

Answer 38

combinations of muscles and joints acting together to procedure a coordinated pattern of movements
EX: learning how to serve (practice)

Question 39

Present state on the control theories?

Answer 39

motor programmed and dynamical systems are prominent. there is speculation that there is a hybrid going to emerge sometime.