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chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Self-Concept

A

The overall set of beliefs that people have about

their personal attributes

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2
Q

Rudimentary Self-Concept

A

found in some primates

and Humans at 18 to 24 months

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3
Q

Child’s self-concept

A

– Concrete
– References to characteristics like age, sex,
neighborhood, and hobbies

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4
Q

Maturing self-concept

A

– Less emphasis on physical characteristics
– More emphasis on psychological states and how other
people judge us

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5
Q

The squeaky wheel gets the grease

A

American proverb

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6
Q

The nail that stands out gets pounded down

A

Japanese proverb

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7
Q

Independent View of the Self

A

Defines self through own
internal thoughts, feelings,
and actions and not other
people’s

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8
Q

Interdependent View of the Self

A 
• Defines self through
relationships to other
people
• Recognizes that others’
thoughts, feelings, and
actions affect one’s
behavior
• Connectedness and
interdependence valued
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9
Q

Independent View of the Self Held in many Western

cultures

A

Independence and

uniqueness valued

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10
Q

Interdependent View of the Self Held in many Asian
and non-Western
cultures

A

Uniqueness frowned

on

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11
Q

Functions of the Self

A

Four main functions:

  1. Self-knowledge
  2. Self Control
  3. Impression management
  4. Self-esteem
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12
Q

Self-knowledge

A

The way we understand who we are and organize this

information

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13
Q

Self Control

A

The way we make plans and execute decisions

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14
Q

Impression management

A

The way we present ourselves to others and get them to see

us as we want to be seen

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15
Q

Self-esteem

A

The way we maintain positive views of ourselves

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16
Q

Introspection

A

The process whereby people look inward and examine

their own thoughts, feelings, and motives

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17
Q

People do not rely on introspection very often. Why not?

A

– Not always pleasant to think about ourselves
– Reasons for our feelings and behavior can be outside
conscious awareness

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18
Q

Self-Awareness Theory

A

The idea that when people focus their attention on
themselves, they evaluate and compare their
behavior to their internal standards and values

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19
Q

Sometimes people go far in their attempt to

escape the self.

A

Focusing on the self can be very aversive

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20
Q

Ways to turn off “internal spotlight” on oneself

A
  1. Alcohol abuse
  2. Binge eating
  3. Sexual masochism
  4. Religious expression
  5. Spirituality
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21
Q

Self-focus is not always damaging or aversive ex.

A

if you have experienced a major success or you Can also remind you of your sense of right and wrong

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22
Q

Judging Why We Feel the Way We Do:

Telling More Than We Can Know

A

It can be difficult to know why we feel the way we

do.

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23
Q

what happens when we predict our reaction

A

we tend to overestimate how we would feel

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24
Q

Judging Why We Feel the Way We Do:

Telling More Than We Can Know Causal Theories

A

Theories about the causes of one’s own feelings and
behaviors; often we learn such theories from our
culture.

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25
Judging Why We Feel the Way We Do: | Telling More Than We Can Know Problem
Schemas and theories are not always correct. Can lead to incorrect judgments about the causes of our actions.
26
Reasons-Generated Attitude Change
Attitude change resulting from thinking about the reasons for one’s attitudes; people assume their attitudes match the reasons that are plausible and easy to verbalize
27
The Consequences of Introspecting | About Reasons
Reasons-Generated Attitude Change
28
the Problem with Introspecting | About Reasons
– Focus on things that are easy to put into words – Ignore feelings harder to explain – Hard-to-explain feelings are the ones that often matter in the long run
29
Self-Perception Theory
The theory that when our attitudes and feelings are uncertain or ambiguous, we infer these states by observing our behavior and the situation in which it occurs
30
about the Self-Perception Theory
Infer inner feelings from behavior | People judge whether their behavior
31
Infer inner feelings from behavior
Only when not sure how we feel
32
People judge whether their behavior
– Really reflects how we feel | – Or the situation that made us act that way
33
Intrinsic Motivation
Engage in an activity because of enjoyment and | interest, not external rewards or pressures
34
Extrinsic Motivation
Engage in an activity because of external reasons, not | because of enjoyment and interest
35
Danger of reward programs
Reading for rewards, not because it’s actually | enjoyable can make people not enjoy reading
36
Overjustification Effect
The tendency of people to view their behavior as caused by compelling extrinsic reasons, making them underestimate the extent to which it was caused by intrinsic reasons
37
Task-contingent rewards
Rewards that are given for performing a task, | regardless of how well the task is done
38
Performance-contingent rewards
Rewards that are based on how well we perform a task
39
Avoiding over-justification when using rewards
1. Rewards will undermine interest only if interest was initially high. 2. The type of reward makes a difference. Performance-contingent rewards are less damaging to intrinsic interest
40
Fixed mindset
The idea that we have a set amount of an ability that | cannot change
41
Growth mindset
The idea that our abilities are malleable qualities that | we can cultivate and grow
42
how Mindset affects motivation
Fixed mindset more likely to give up and do poorly on | subsequent tasks after failure
43
Stanley Schachter (1964)
– Experience of emotion is similar to other types of selfperception – Infer our emotions by observing our behavior
44
Schachter’s theory
We experience emotions in a two-step self-perception | process
45
two-step self-perception | process:
1. Experience physiological arousal. | 2. Seek an appropriate explanation for it.
46
Implications of the Two-Factor | Theory of Emotion
– Emotions are somewhat arbitrary. | – Emotions depend on our explanations for arousal
47
Misattribution of Arousal
Making mistaken inferences about what is causing them to feel the way they do • Arousal from one source (e.g., caffeine, exercise, a fright) can enhance the intensity of how the person interprets other feelings (e.g., attraction to someone).
48
Self-concept shaped by
people around us
49
How do we use others to define ourselves?
Measure our own abilities and attitudes by comparing | to other people
50
Social Comparison Theory
The idea that we learn about our own abilities and | attitudes by comparing ourselves to other people
51
Social Comparison Theory revolves around two important | questions:
– When do you engage in social comparison? | – With whom do you choose to compare yourself?
52
When do you engage in social comparison?
– No objective standard exists to measure against – When we experience uncertainty – Example: New office donation program, not sure what amount would be generous, you are especially likely to compare yourself to others.
53
With whom do you choose to compare yourself?
Initial impulse: anyone who is around |  Occurs quickly and automatically
54
Goals of Knowing Ourselves by Comparing | Ourselves to Others
1. know the furthest level to which we can aspire 2. feel better about yourself
55
Upward social comparison
Comparing to people who are better on a particular ability
56
Downward social comparison
Comparing to people who are worse on a particular trait or | ability
57
We adopt other people’s views in some | circumstances
“Looking glass self” (Cooley, 1902) We see ourselves and the social world through the eyes of other people
58
Social Tuning
The process whereby people adopt another person’s | attitudes
59
Affective Forecasts
People’s predictions about how they will feel in | response to a future emotional event
60
Self-Control
Making choices about present and plans for the future
61
Thought suppression
Attempt to avoid thinking about something we would | prefer to forget and is Not that efficient
62
Exerting effort on one task
limits ability to exert | self-control on another task
63
Ingratiation
Flattering, praising, and generally trying to make ourselves likable to another person, often of higher status
64
Self-handicapping
Creating obstacles and excuses for ourselves
65
Behavioral self-handicapping
People act in ways that reduce the likelihood of success so that if they fail, they can blame it on obstacles rather than ability
66
Reported self-handicapping
Rather than creating obstacles to success, people devise | ready-made excuses in case they fail
67
Desire to manage image we present
is Culturally universal
68
Kinds of images we want to present
is Cultural different
69
Self-Esteem
``` Overall evaluation (positive or negative) that people have of themselves ```
70
Benefits of high self-esteem:
Buffers against thoughts of own mortality | Motivates us to persevere when going gets rough
71
Narcissism
Combination of excessive self-love and a lack of | empathy toward others and Has increased in college students since the 1980s
72
Sources of Self-Knowledge
– Introspection – Self-Perception – Social Interaction
73
Self-Presentation
how we present ourselves

Social Psychology (9 decks)

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