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chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Self-Concept

A

The overall set of beliefs that people have about

their personal attributes

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2
Q

Rudimentary Self-Concept

A

found in some primates

and Humans at 18 to 24 months

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3
Q

Child’s self-concept

A

– Concrete
– References to characteristics like age, sex,
neighborhood, and hobbies

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4
Q

Maturing self-concept

A

– Less emphasis on physical characteristics
– More emphasis on psychological states and how other
people judge us

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5
Q

The squeaky wheel gets the grease

A

American proverb

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6
Q

The nail that stands out gets pounded down

A

Japanese proverb

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7
Q

Independent View of the Self

A

Defines self through own
internal thoughts, feelings,
and actions and not other
people’s

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8
Q

Interdependent View of the Self

A 
• Defines self through
relationships to other
people
• Recognizes that others’
thoughts, feelings, and
actions affect one’s
behavior
• Connectedness and
interdependence valued
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9
Q

Independent View of the Self Held in many Western

cultures

A

Independence and

uniqueness valued

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10
Q

Interdependent View of the Self Held in many Asian
and non-Western
cultures

A

Uniqueness frowned

on

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11
Q

Functions of the Self

A

Four main functions:

  1. Self-knowledge
  2. Self Control
  3. Impression management
  4. Self-esteem
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12
Q

Self-knowledge

A

The way we understand who we are and organize this

information

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13
Q

Self Control

A

The way we make plans and execute decisions

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14
Q

Impression management

A

The way we present ourselves to others and get them to see

us as we want to be seen

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15
Q

Self-esteem

A

The way we maintain positive views of ourselves

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16
Q

Introspection

A

The process whereby people look inward and examine

their own thoughts, feelings, and motives

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17
Q

People do not rely on introspection very often. Why not?

A

– Not always pleasant to think about ourselves
– Reasons for our feelings and behavior can be outside
conscious awareness

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18
Q

Self-Awareness Theory

A

The idea that when people focus their attention on
themselves, they evaluate and compare their
behavior to their internal standards and values

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19
Q

Sometimes people go far in their attempt to

escape the self.

A

Focusing on the self can be very aversive

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20
Q

Ways to turn off “internal spotlight” on oneself

A
  1. Alcohol abuse
  2. Binge eating
  3. Sexual masochism
  4. Religious expression
  5. Spirituality
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21
Q

Self-focus is not always damaging or aversive ex.

A

if you have experienced a major success or you Can also remind you of your sense of right and wrong

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22
Q

Judging Why We Feel the Way We Do:

Telling More Than We Can Know

A

It can be difficult to know why we feel the way we

do.

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23
Q

what happens when we predict our reaction

A

we tend to overestimate how we would feel

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24
Q

Judging Why We Feel the Way We Do:

Telling More Than We Can Know Causal Theories

A

Theories about the causes of one’s own feelings and
behaviors; often we learn such theories from our
culture.

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25
Q

Judging Why We Feel the Way We Do:

Telling More Than We Can Know Problem

A

Schemas and theories are not always correct. Can
lead to incorrect judgments about the causes of our
actions.

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26
Q

Reasons-Generated Attitude Change

A

Attitude change resulting from thinking about the
reasons for one’s attitudes; people assume their
attitudes match the reasons that are plausible and easy
to verbalize

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27
Q

The Consequences of Introspecting

About Reasons

A

Reasons-Generated Attitude Change

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28
Q

the Problem with Introspecting

About Reasons

A

– Focus on things that are easy to put into words
– Ignore feelings harder to explain
– Hard-to-explain feelings are the ones that often matter
in the long run

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29
Q

Self-Perception Theory

A

The theory that when our attitudes and feelings are
uncertain or ambiguous, we infer these states by
observing our behavior and the situation in which it
occurs

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30
Q

about the Self-Perception Theory

A

Infer inner feelings from behavior

People judge whether their behavior

31
Q

Infer inner feelings from behavior

A

Only when not sure how we feel

32
Q

People judge whether their behavior

A

– Really reflects how we feel

– Or the situation that made us act that way

33
Q

Intrinsic Motivation

A

Engage in an activity because of enjoyment and

interest, not external rewards or pressures

34
Q

Extrinsic Motivation

A

Engage in an activity because of external reasons, not

because of enjoyment and interest

35
Q

Danger of reward programs

A

Reading for rewards, not because it’s actually

enjoyable can make people not enjoy reading

36
Q

Overjustification Effect

A

The tendency of people to view their behavior as
caused by compelling extrinsic reasons, making them
underestimate the extent to which it was caused by
intrinsic reasons

37
Q

Task-contingent rewards

A

Rewards that are given for performing a task,

regardless of how well the task is done

38
Q

Performance-contingent rewards

A

Rewards that are based on how well we perform a task

39
Q

Avoiding over-justification when using rewards

A
  1. Rewards will undermine interest only if interest was
    initially high.
  2. The type of reward makes a difference. Performance-contingent rewards are less damaging to intrinsic
    interest
40
Q

Fixed mindset

A

The idea that we have a set amount of an ability that

cannot change

41
Q

Growth mindset

A

The idea that our abilities are malleable qualities that

we can cultivate and grow

42
Q

how Mindset affects motivation

A

Fixed mindset more likely to give up and do poorly on

subsequent tasks after failure

43
Q

Stanley Schachter (1964)

A

– Experience of emotion is similar to other types of selfperception
– Infer our emotions by observing our behavior

44
Q

Schachter’s theory

A

We experience emotions in a two-step self-perception

process

45
Q

two-step self-perception

process:

A
  1. Experience physiological arousal.

2. Seek an appropriate explanation for it.

46
Q

Implications of the Two-Factor

Theory of Emotion

A

– Emotions are somewhat arbitrary.

– Emotions depend on our explanations for arousal

47
Q

Misattribution of Arousal

A

Making mistaken inferences about what is
causing them to feel the way they do
• Arousal from one source (e.g., caffeine, exercise,
a fright) can enhance the intensity of how the
person interprets other feelings (e.g., attraction to
someone).

48
Q

Self-concept shaped by

A

people around us

49
Q

How do we use others to define ourselves?

A

Measure our own abilities and attitudes by comparing

to other people

50
Q

Social Comparison Theory

A

The idea that we learn about our own abilities and

attitudes by comparing ourselves to other people

51
Q

Social Comparison Theory revolves around two important

questions:

A

– When do you engage in social comparison?

– With whom do you choose to compare yourself?

52
Q

When do you engage in social comparison?

A

– No objective standard exists to measure against
– When we experience uncertainty
– Example: New office donation program, not sure what
amount would be generous, you are especially likely to
compare yourself to others.

53
Q

With whom do you choose to compare yourself?

A

Initial impulse: anyone who is around

 Occurs quickly and automatically

54
Q

Goals of Knowing Ourselves by Comparing

Ourselves to Others

A
  1. know the furthest level to which we can
    aspire
  2. feel better about yourself
55
Q

Upward social comparison

A

Comparing to people who are better on a particular ability

56
Q

Downward social comparison

A

Comparing to people who are worse on a particular trait or

ability

57
Q

We adopt other people’s views in some

circumstances

A

“Looking glass self” (Cooley, 1902)
We see ourselves and the social world through the eyes of
other people

58
Q

Social Tuning

A

The process whereby people adopt another person’s

attitudes

59
Q

Affective Forecasts

A

People’s predictions about how they will feel in

response to a future emotional event

60
Q

Self-Control

A

Making choices about present and plans for the future

61
Q

Thought suppression

A

Attempt to avoid thinking about something we would

prefer to forget and is Not that efficient

62
Q

Exerting effort on one task

A

limits ability to exert

self-control on another task

63
Q

Ingratiation

A

Flattering, praising, and generally trying to make
ourselves likable to another person, often of higher
status

64
Q

Self-handicapping

A

Creating obstacles and excuses for ourselves

65
Q

Behavioral self-handicapping

A

People act in ways that reduce the likelihood of success so
that if they fail, they can blame it on obstacles rather than
ability

66
Q

Reported self-handicapping

A

Rather than creating obstacles to success, people devise

ready-made excuses in case they fail

67
Q

Desire to manage image we present

A

is Culturally universal

68
Q

Kinds of images we want to present

A

is Cultural different

69
Q

Self-Esteem

A 
Overall evaluation (positive or negative) that people
have of themselves
70
Q

Benefits of high self-esteem:

A

Buffers against thoughts of own mortality

Motivates us to persevere when going gets rough

71
Q

Narcissism

A

Combination of excessive self-love and a lack of

empathy toward others and Has increased in college students since the 1980s

72
Q

Sources of Self-Knowledge

A

– Introspection
– Self-Perception
– Social Interaction

73
Q

Self-Presentation

A

how we present ourselves

Social Psychology (9 decks)

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