Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Social Perception

A

The study of how we form impressions of and

make inferences about other people

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2
Q

Nonverbal Communication

A
How people communicate, intentionally or
unintentionally, without words
Examples:
 Facial expressions
 Tone of voice
 Gestures
 Body position
 Movement
 Use of touch
 Gaze
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3
Q

Encode

A

Express or emit nonverbal behavior

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4
Q

Decode

A

Interpret the meaning of nonverbal behavior

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5
Q

Darwin

A

Nonverbal forms of communication is species, not

culture, specific

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6
Q

Are facial expressions of emotion universal

A

Yes, for the six major emotional expressions

– Anger, happiness, surprise, fear, disgust, and sadness

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7
Q

Affect blends

A

Facial expressions in which one part of the face
registers one emotion while another part of the face
registers a different emotion

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8
Q

Display rules

A

– Dictate what kinds of emotional expressions people are
supposed to show
– Are culture-specific

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9
Q

Examples of Display Rule Differences

A
  • Display of emotion
  • Eye contact/gaze
  • Personal space
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10
Q

Emblems

A

– Nonverbal gestures that have well-understood
definitions within a given culture
– Usually have direct verbal translations, like the “OK”
sign.
• Emblems are not universal!

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11
Q

Judging a book by its cover

A

– Easily observable things we can see and hear

– Crucial to first impression

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12
Q

How quickly do first impressions form

A

Form initial impressions based on facial appearance in

less than 100 milliseconds

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13
Q

Limited exposure can

A

lead to meaningful first

impressions of abilities and personalities

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14
Q

Thin-slicing

A

– Drawing meaningful conclusions about another
person’s personality or skills based on an extremely
brief sample of behavior

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15
Q

Primacy Effect

A

When it comes to forming impressions, the first traits
we perceive in others influence how we view
information that we learn about them later

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16
Q

Belief Perseverance

A

The tendency to stick with an initial judgment even in
the face of new information that should prompt us to
reconsider

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17
Q

Using First Impressions and Nonverbal

Communication to Our Advantage

A
  • Public speaking
  • Job interview
  • Hand shake quality
  • Body language
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18
Q

Causal Attribution

A

– Attribution Theory (Fritz Heider)

– Covariation Model (Harold Kelley)

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19
Q

Heider

A

– “Father” of attribution theory
– “Naïve” or “commonsense” psychology
 Viewed people as amateur scientists
– Piece together information to figure out cause

20
Q

Attribution theory

A

The way in which people explain the causes of their

own and other people’s behavior

21
Q

When deciding about causes of behavior, we can

make one of two attributions

A

– Internal, dispositional attribution

– External, situational attribution

22
Q

Internal Attribution

A

Infer a person is behaving in a certain way
because of something about the person (e.g.,
attitude, character, personality)

23
Q

External Attribution

A

• Infer a person is behaving a certain way because
of something about the situation
• Assume most people would respond the same
way in that situation

24
Q

The Covariation Model

A

A theory that states that to form an attribution
about what caused a person’s behavior, we
systematically note the pattern between the
presence or absence of possible causal factors
and whether or not the behavior occurs

25
about The Covariation Model
• Focuses on how behavior “covaries” – Across time, place, actors, and targets • Examines how perceiver chooses an internal or an external attribution
26
We make choices about internal versus external | attributions by using three pieces of information
– Consensus – Distinctiveness – Consistency
27
Consensus Information
The extent to which other people behave the same way toward the same stimulus as the actor does
28
Distinctiveness Information
The extent to which one particular actor behaves | in the same way to different stimuli
29
Consistency Information
The extent to which the behavior between one actor and one stimulus is the same across time and circumstances
30
Internal attribution occurs when
– Consensus = Low  Behavior is unique to the person – Distinctiveness = Low  Person displays same behavior with different targets and in different situations – Consistency = High  The person’s behavior occurs reliably across occasions
31
External attribution occurs when
– Consensus = High  Other people behave similarly in the same situation – Distinctiveness = High  The person’s behavior is specific to that situation or target – Consistency = High  The person’s behavior occurs reliably across occasions
32
Evaluation of the Covariation Model
• Information about all three dimensions may not be available – People still make attributions • Consistency and distinctiveness used more than consensus
33
The Fundamental Attribution Error
Tend to make internal attributions for other people’s behavior and underestimate the role of situational factors
34
Why does the fundamental attribution error occur
– Tend to focus attention on person, not the surrounding situation  The person is “perceptually salient” – Use the focus of attention as a starting point
35
Perceptual Salience
The seeming importance of information that is the focus of | people’s attention
36
The Two-Step Attribution Process
1. Make an internal attribution – Assume that a person’s behavior was due to something about that person – Occurs quickly, spontaneously 2. Adjust attribution by considering the situation – May fail to make enough adjustment in second step – Requires effort, conscious attention
37
about The Two-Step Attribution Process
• Engage in the second step if: – You consciously slow down, think carefully before reaching a judgment – You are motivated to reach an accurate judgment – You are suspicious about the behavior (e.g., we suspect lying) • Two-step model less applicable in cultures where internal attributions not the default
38
Self-Serving Attributions
Explanations for one’s successes that credit internal, dispositional factors, and explanations for one’s failures that blame external, situational factors
39
Why do we make self-serving attributions?
1. We want to maintain self-esteem. 2. We want other people to think well of us and to admire us. 3. We know more about the situational factors that affect our own behavior than we do about other people’s
40
The Burden of Solo Athletes
One domain in which self-serving biases may be particularly common is the world of sports, especially among solo athletes, for whom the entire weight of winning or losing rests on their shoulders
41
Belief in a just world
– The assumption that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get – Type of defensive attribution
42
Advantage and Disadvantage to Belief in a Just World
``` • Advantage – Allows people to deal with feelings of vulnerability, mortality • Disadvantage – Blaming the victim  Rape victims  Battered wives ```
43
The “Bias Blind Spot”
• People realize biases in attribution can occur • Believe other people more susceptible to attributional biases compared to self
44
Members of individualistic cultures
– Prefer dispositional attributions | – Think like personality psychologists
45
Members of collectivistic cultures
– Prefer situational explanations – Think like social psychologists – Greater situational focus is matter of degree  Do they make dispositional attributions?  Are they more likely to go on to the “second step”?
46
How might you use what you have learned about the power of nonverbal cues in social perception to be more effective in daily interactions?
I am now able to better understand a person with out jumping to conclusions