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Social Psychology > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

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1
Q

Prejudice is found ____

A

everywhere

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2
Q

______ group can be a target of prejudice

A

Any

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3
Q

prejudice towards Americans

A

-1960-70s
“running dogs of capitalism”

-Currently
Power-hungry
Immoral
“Great Satan”

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4
Q

Aspects leading to prejudice

A 
nationality
racial and ethnic identity
gender
sexual orientation
religion
appearance
physical state
weight
disabilities
diseases
hair color
professions
hobbies
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5
Q

Dislike can lead to

A 
extreme hatred
less-than-human
Torture
Murder
Genocide
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6
Q

Even less extreme cases result in reduced self-esteem of group-members

A

-Clark & Clark (1947) found most African-American children preferred to play with a white doll
Deemed it prettier and superior

-Part of the evidence leading to school desegregation

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7
Q

Goldberg (1968)

A

John vs. Joan T. McKay
female students rated the articles much higher if they were attributed to a male author than if the same articles were attributed to a female author

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8
Q

The number of blatant acts of overt prejudice and discrimination has decreased sharply

A

Affirmative action opened the door to greater opportunities for women and minorities

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9
Q

Self-esteem of minorities and women has been increasing

A
  • African-American children are more content with black dolls
  • People no longer discriminate against a piece of writing simply because it is attributed to a woman
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10
Q

Prejudice is still a serious problem

A
  • Exists in subtle and not-so-subtle ways

- Typically underground and less overt

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11
Q

The three components of Prejudice

A

Affective
Cognitive
Behavioral

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12
Q

Affective

A
  • type of emotion linked with the attitude (e.g., anger, warmth)
  • the extremity of the attitude (e.g., mild uneasiness, outright hostility)
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13
Q

Cognitive

A

the beliefs or thoughts (cognitions) that make up the attitude

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14
Q

Behavioral

A

relating to one’s actions—

people don’t simply hold attitudes; they usually act on them as well

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15
Q

Define Prejudice

A

refers to the general attitude structure and its affective (emotional) component.

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16
Q

social psychologists (and people in general) use the word prejudice primarily when referring to

A

negative attitudes about others.

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17
Q

Prejudice

A

A hostile or negative attitude toward people in a distinguishable group,
based solely on their membership in that group

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18
Q

Journalist Walter Lippmann (1922) introduced the term

A

stereotype

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19
Q

stereotype

A
  • described the distinction between the world out there and stereotypes
  • “the little pictures we carry around inside our heads.”
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20
Q

Within a given culture, these pictures tend to be remarkably similar

A

High-school cheerleader
New York cab-driver
Jewish doctor
Black musician

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21
Q

Stereotype

A

A generalization about a group of people in which identical characteristics are assigned to virtually all members of the group,
regardless of actual variation among the members

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22
Q

Stereotypes are resistant to change

A

Well-spoken “redneck” will most likely not change your perception of rednecks

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23
Q

Stereotype Subcategories

A 
If one encounters someone not matching the stereotype it is viewed as an exception and a subcategory is created
Housewives
Career women
Athletes
Feminists
Sex objects
24
Q

Stereotypes reflect the cognitive component

A

does not necessarily lead to intentional acts of abuse.
Often is merely a technique we use to simplify how we look at the world
Minimizing cognitive effort

25
Q

If we are astonished at a young African American man’s ineptitude on the basketball court,

A

This denies individuality

26
Q

Compared to men, women are:

A

more socially sensitive,
friendlier
more concerned with the welfare of others
-If a woman is successful at that same task, observers attribute her success to hard work

27
Q

Compared to women, men are:

A

dominant
controlling
independent
-When a man is successful on a given task, observers of both sexes attribute his success to ability

28
Q

Stereotypes, Attribution, & Gender Happens in children

A
  • boys learn to protect their egos by attributing their own failures to bad luck
  • girls take more blame for failures
  • fourth-grade boys attribute their own successful outcomes on a difficult intellectual task to their ability
  • girls tend to derogate their own successful performance
29
Q

Mothers who hold the strongest gender-stereotypical beliefs also believe:

A

their own daughters have relatively low math ability

and their sons have relatively high math ability.

30
Q

Mothers who do not hold gender-stereotypical beliefs:

A

Do not see own daughters as being less capable at math than their sons

31
Q

Discrimination

A

An unjustified negative or harmful action toward the members of a group simply because of their membership in that group.

32
Q

Discrimination reflects the

A

the behavioral component

33
Q

Social Cognition

A

We automatically create categories

Creates “us versus them”

34
Q

In-Group

A

Any group to which we belong

35
Q

In-Group Bias

A
  • Positive feelings and special treatment for people we have defined as being part of our in-group
  • negative feelings and unfair treatment for others simply because we have defined them as being in the out-group
  • Appears to be related to self-esteem
  • If one affiliates with the superior group (in their minds) then self-esteem will be enhanced
36
Q

Minimal groups

A
  • Strangers formed based on trivial distinctions
  • Labeled X instead of W
  • Acted as if they were their dear friends or close kin
  • They liked the members of their own group better
  • Rated the members of their in-group as more likely to have pleasant personalities and to have done better work than out-group members.
  • allocated more rewards to those who shared their label
37
Q

Out-group homogeneity

A
  • “they” are all alike
  • Out-group members are seen as being more homogeneous than they actually are
  • as more similar than in-group members are
38
Q

The Failure of Logic

A

-Rational, logical arguments generally do not work to combat prejudice
-The emotional aspect of attitudes is not effectively countered by logical arguments
-Attitudes tend to change the way in which one processes information about the target
-See things based on the filter of the prejudice (schema of the group)
- Information consistent with their notions about these target groups will be:
Given more attention
Rehearsed (or recalled) more often, and
Therefore remembered better than information that contradicts these notions.

39
Q

Persistence of Stereotypes

A
  • We are aware of stereotypes even if we do not endorse/believe them
  • The stereotypes embed themselves in our cultures
40
Q

Activation of Stereotypes

A

Seemed to activate other negative stereotypes

41
Q

Automatic and Controlled Processing of Stereotypes

A
  • Stereotypes can come to mind automatically
  • Can’t control this part
  • One can then choose to override the stereotype (controlled part)
42
Q

Justification-Suppression Model

A
  • Crandall and Eschleman’s (2003) most people struggle between their urge to express prejudice and need to maintain positive self-concept (as a non-bigot).
  • However, it requires energy to suppress prejudiced impulses
  • Seek information that can convince us there is a valid justification for holding a negative attitude toward a particular out-group
  • Once we find a valid justification for disliking this group, we can act against them and still feel as though we are not bigots—thus avoiding cognitive dissonance
43
Q

Illusory correlation

A
  • Tendency to see relationships or correlations between events that are unrelated
  • Most likely when people or events are distinctive or conspicuous–
  • -“You’re the only one”
  • -Know few Xs
44
Q

Changing Stereotypical Beliefs

A
  • Subgroups keep only a few examples from changing beliefs

- Consistent disconfirming information (bombardment) can potentially change beliefs

45
Q

Attributional Biases

A

-Recall that we tend to make dispositional attributions about others
This includes members of other groups

46
Q

Ultimate Attribution Error

A

The tendency to make dispositional attributions about an entire group of people

47
Q

Fictionalized files on prisoners to make a parole decision

A
  • Sometimes the crime matched the common stereotype of the offender–
  • -Hispanic male committed assault and battery
  • -Upper-class Anglo-American committed embezzlement.
  • When prisoners’ crimes were consistent with participants’ stereotypes the students’ recommendations for parole were harsher
  • Most ignored additional information that was relevant to a parole decision but inconsistent with the stereotype, such as evidence of good behavior in prison
48
Q

Stereotype Threat

A
  • Disturbing awareness among members of a negatively stereotyped group that any of their actions that fit the stereotype may confirm a cultural stereotype
  • May have a difficult time concentrating on a task
49
Q

Blaming the Victim

A

-tendency to blame individuals for their victimization
-typically motivated by a desire to see the world as a fair and just place, one where people get what they deserve and deserve what they get.
-Story of an interaction between a woman and a man
Woman’s behavior judged to be appropriate
Unless the same story ended with information that she was raped

50
Q

Realistic Conflict

A

-Limited resources can lead to conflict between groups
-During tough times
In-group is more threatened by out-group members then
Prejudice, discrimination, and violence increase

51
Q

Scapegoating

A

when frustrated or unhappy, individuals tend to displace aggression onto groups that are disliked, are visible, and are relatively powerless.
Jews
Homosexuals
“Them”

52
Q

Normative Conformity

A

The strong tendency to go along with the group in order to fulfill the group’s expectations and gain acceptance

  • Institutionalized Racism
  • Institutionalized Sexism
53
Q

Modern Racism

A
  • Outwardly acting unprejudiced while inwardly maintaining prejudiced attitudes
  • Bogus pipeline
54
Q

Hostile Sexism

A

actively and openly sexist behavior like insulting a particular sex

55
Q

Benevolent Sexism

A

liking one sex more than the other by saying excessively complimenting things about it

56
Q

ending discrimination Six Required Conditions

A
  1. Mutual interdependence
  2. Common goal
  3. Equal status
  4. Friendly, informal setting
  5. Knowing multiple out-group members
  6. Social norms of equality

Social Psychology (9 decks)

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