Chapter 5: 5.1 Functional Groups Flashcards
Line Diagrams:
What does each solid line represent?
Covalent bond
Line Diagrams:
If no atom is drawn at intersection of two lines…
Assumed that it is an carbon atom
Line Diagrams:
If no atom is drawn at end of line…
Assumed to be a carbon atom
Line Diagrams:
Are hydrogen atoms shown in the diagram?
No they are not; it is assumed that there are enough hydrogen atoms around each carbon as necessary to make it tetravalent (full octet)
True or False:
In a line diagram, all non-carbon atoms must be shown along with any hydrogens attached to them
True
State atomic orbitals used, hybrid orbitals formed, and electronic arrangement:
2 regions of electron density
One s, one p
Two sp
Linear (180 degrees)
State atomic orbitals used, hybrid orbitals formed, and electronic arrangement:
3 regions of electron density
One s, two p
Three sp2
Trigonal planar (120 degrees)
State atomic orbitals used, hybrid orbitals formed, and electronic arrangement:
4 regions of electron density
One s, 3 p
Four sp3
Tetrahedral (109.5 degrees)
According to VSPER theory:
Lone pairs of electrons exert a greater repulsive force than pairs in bonds, causes reduction in bond angles
Double and triple bonds count as a single region of electron density
Nonbonding (lone) pairs are ignored when determining the shapes of molecules
Define:
Functional group
An atom or a group of atoms within a molecule that have a specific structure and/or sequence of atoms
State functional group and hybridization of:
Alkane
Alkyl
C sp3
State functional group and hybridization of:
Alkene
Alkenyl
C sp2
State functional group and hybridization of:
Alkyne
Alkynyl
C sp
State functional group and hybridization of:
Aromatic compounds
Aryl
C sp2
State general structure, functional group and hybridization of:
Alkyl halide or aryl halide
R-X (X = F, Cl, Br, I)
Halo group (X)
Alkyl C sp3, Aryl C sp2
State general structure, functional group and hybridization of:
Alcohol
R-OH
Hydroxyl group (OH)
O sp3
State general structure, functional group and hybridization of:
Ether
R-O-R
Alkoxy group (OR)
O sp3
State general structure, functional group and hybridization of:
Amine
R-NH2, R2NH, R3N
Amino group (NH2)
N sp3
State general structure, functional group and hybridization of:
Thiol
R-SH
Thiolate group (SH)
S sp3
State general structure, functional group and hybridization of:
Sulfide
R-S-R
Alkylthiolate (SR)
S sp3
State general structure, functional group and hybridization of:
Nitro compounds
R-NO2
Nitro group (NO2)
N sp2
What the R stand for in general structures?
Typically represents any chain of alkyl carbon atoms, or an H atom if H does not result in a different functional group
State functional group and hybridization of:
Aldehyde
CO carbonyl
C sp2
State functional group and hybridization of:
Ketone
CO carbonyl
C sp2
State functional group and hybridization of:
Carboxylic acid
COOH carboxyl
C sp2
State functional group and hybridization of:
Ester
COOR
C sp2
State functional group and hybridization of:
Amide
CONH2, CONHR, CONR2
C sp2
What is the difference between an aldehyde and a ketone?
Aldehyde general structure has at least one H, meaning they are one the ends of line diagrams
What are some forms of oxidation?
Removing electrons
Adding oxygen
Removing hydrogen
