chapter 5 Flashcards
How have police responded to charges of racial profiling for traffic stops? Does research validate police assertions?
They have responded to the charges by noting that most aggressive police practices and traffic stops occur in high crime areas, and that high crime areas frequently are inhabited primarily by minorities.
When was the term Detective first used ?
In 1840s the London police created a detective unit in 1842
Describe KuyKendalls (1986) Historical periods of Criminal Investigation
- Detective as Secretive Rogue(1850-1920)
- Detective as Inquistor(1890s-1960s)
- Detective as Bureaucrat (1940s-1980s)
- they began to place more emphasis on investigative procedures and the associated paper work as are duly of the increased legal constraints and administrative
Nationally what percentage of a departments sworn personnel are assigned to a detective unit ?
10-15%
What does the Preliminary Investigation Entail ?
C
According to Wren Vs United States (1996), When are Pretextual Stops reasonable?
They are reasonable as long as the officer has probable cause to believe that a violation had occurred
On average , how long do officers spend on preliminary investigations ?
1hr
What are the types of cases assigned for follow-up investigations? Which receive the least attention ?
- Walk-through’s
- Where-are-they’s
- Whodunits (receives least attention)
Walk through’s
Is when suspect has been identified and apprehended
Where-Are-They’s
When suspect has been identified but officers have been unable to make an apprehension
Whodunits
When the preliminary investigation did not result in identification of the perpetrator.
receives least attention
How are most crimes solved ?
Most are solved because of arrest made by patrol officers or because the victim was able to supply the name of the suspect .
Explain the findings of the RAND Study (1977) of investigative practices ?
Found that detectives did not generally solve cases by hard work , inspiration or science but instead focused on and solved easy cases
How did Eck(1983) Classify the cases facing investigators?
- Weak Cases: cannot be solved regardless of investigative effort (unsolvable cases)
- Cases with moderately level of Evidence: can be solved with considerable investigative effort (Solvable cases)
- Cases with strong evidence: can be solved with minimum effort ( Already Solved Cases)
What have Researchers Found Regarding How detectives select cases and conduct investigations?
Find answer
What is AFIS an acronym for ?
Automated FingerPrint Identification System (AFIS)
- Allows police to check and compare large volumes of fingerprints
What is CODIS?
Combines DNA Index System
- Data base that contains more than 12million DNA profiles. - it's a national database of DNA samples that the FBI manages
What are the organizational factors that contributed to the level of commitment for DUI Enforcement according to Mastrofski and Ritti (1992) ?
- Local Demand
- Police Leaderships priority
- The police leaderships capacity for command and control of the department
- Disposition of the local police culture, organization structures and other work issues
According to Mastrofski and Ritti (1992,1986) what are the reasons individual officers enforce or fail to enforce DUI Laws ?
Officers may strictly enforce DUI Laws because:
- They are concerned about productivity
- They see DUI as a serious Crime
- DUI arrest come to be seen as bounty with official or peer group rewards
Officers fail to enforce DUI laws because:
- They are lazy or incompetent
- They do not view DUI as a serious offense or problem
- They do not believe arresting DUI offenders will have any impact on the problem
What are the five types of partnerships identified by parent and Snyder (1999) ?
- Enhanced Supervision
- Fugitive Apprehension Units
- Information Sharing
- Specialized Enforcement
- Interagency Problem Solving
Enhanced Supervision Partnership
Are made between police and probation or parole officers…. Probation and police officers visit probationers to ensure that they are complying with stipulations or rules imposed by the court.
Fugitive Apprehension Units
Partner with other police departments or probation or parole officers to arrest suspects that are committing large numbers of crime
Information Sharing Partnerships
Involves several agencies to develop comprehensive approaches to problems.
Specialized Enforcement Partnerships
Are best represented by drug task forces
Interagency Problem Solving Partnership
Involve various agencies affected by a specific problem that band together to solve it .
True or False:
- CODIS is a national database of DNA samples managed by FBI ?
True
True or false:
-The police “third degree” tactics were characteristic of the detective as a secretive rogue (1850s-1920s) period of criminal investigation
FALSE
- the police third degree tactics were characteristics of the detective as Inquisitor (1890s-1960s) period of criminal investigation
True or False:
On average, officers spend an hour on preliminary investigations
True
True or False:
The term detective was first used in 1829 with the establishment of the London Metropolitan Police Department
FALSE
- the term detective was first used in the 1842 when the London Metropolitan Police Department created a small detective unit (more than a decade after the establishment of the LMPD)
True or False:
The majority of cases that are cleared by arrest are solved by detectives exerting extraordinary investigative effort
FALSE
- about 80% of all cases cleared by arrest are cleared because of arrests made by patrol officers or through the victim being able to supply the name of the suspect to investigators as opposed to efforts by detectives
True or False:
Enhanced supervision partnerships are partnerships between police and community members to monitor sex offenders
FALSE:
-they are made between police and probation or parole officers.
True or False:
The formation and use of PPUs in police departments in the United States is increasing
TRUE:
- the growth and activity level of PPUs started to increase in the 1970s.
True or False:
Most research studies do not validate police assertions that minority traffic stops are occurring in high crime areas.
FALSE
True or False:
The US Supreme Court has ruled that Pretextual traffic stops are reasonable as long as the officer had probable cause to believe that a violation had occurred
True
True or false:
Eck(1983) argues that “ unsolvable cases” should not even be investigated because it would be wasted effort.
True
