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Public Health 102 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Facts

A

It’s is not possible to calculate reliability, researchers can only estimate

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2
Q

Validity Definition

A

Wether the scale measures what it was intended to measure

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3
Q

Reliability to Validity Relationship

A
  • low reliability to low validity - high reliability to low validity - high reliability to high validity
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4
Q

Face Validity

A

Examines how the test appears - the logical sense of the survey

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5
Q

Criterion- Related Validity

A

Measure one topic in two different ways

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6
Q

Construct Validity

A

measures a concept that is not actually observable

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7
Q

Content Validity

A

How well a test measures the specific content intended to measure

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8
Q

What are the four types of Validity?

A
  • Face Validity - Criterion - Related Validity - Construct Validity - Content Validity
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9
Q

What are the nine threats to Internal Validity?

A
  1. History 2. Maturation 3. Testing 4. Instrumentation 5. Regression 6. Ceiling and floor effects 7. Attrition 8. Selection 9. Hawthorn effect
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10
Q

Internal Validity: History

A

When an event happens during research that influences the behavior of participating individuals

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11
Q

Internal Validity: Maturation

A

The natural change that occurs over time with individuals

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12
Q

Internal Validity: Testing

A

Differences noted from pre-test to post test that can be attributed to students becoming familiar with the test

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13
Q

Internal Validity: Instrumentation

A

Measures changes in respondent performance which cannot be credited to the treatment or intervention

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14
Q

Internal Validity: Regression

A

Some respondents performing well on pre-test and poorly on post-test Orr vice versa merely by chance

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15
Q

Reliability definition

A

Related to consistency or ability to repeat results

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16
Q

Internal Validity: Instrumentation

A

Measures changes in respondent performance which cannot be credited to the treatment or intervention

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17
Q

Internal Validity: Regression

A

Some respondents performing well on pretests and poorly on posttests or vice versa merely by chance

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18
Q

Internal Validity: Ceiling and floor effects

A
  1. Ceiling effect is when all participating individuals perform extremely well on a pretest and posttest 1. Floor effect occurs when individual performance starts out low and remains low
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19
Q

Internal Validity: Attrition

A

Individuals lost from the study

20
Q

Internal Validity: Selection

A

When participating individuals are different at the onset of the study

21
Q

Internal Validity: Hawthorne effect

A

Workers at the Western Electric Company in Hawthorne, Illinois improved their performance when they know that they are being watched

22
Q

Generalizability

A

Generalizability is linked to independent variables

23
Q

Independent variables

A

variables that researchers manipulate and control

24
Q

Dependent variables

A

variables are fixed and not manipulated

25
Q

Threats to External Validity

A
  • Refers to the generalizability of research results - Repeating research in different populations is the best way to access generalizability
26
Q

Seven Factors that influence generalizability

A
  1. Population 2. Environment 3.Temporal / Sequential 4. Participants 5.Testing and treatment interaction 6.Reactive arrangements 7. Multiple treatment conditions
27
Q

External Validity: Population

A

When population selection is so specific, treatment is matched to a specific sample and doesn’t apply to a wider population

28
Q

External Validity: Environment

A

The change from a controlled environment to a less controlled environment vice versa

29
Q

External Validity: Temporal / Sequential

A

Change of temperature could affect study

30
Q

External Validity: Participants

A
  • Animal to human links - Human to human links - Gender bias - Racial bias - Cultural and ethnocentric bias
31
Q

External Validity: Testing and treatment interaction

A

If participants learn from the pretest, then they may be less likely to learn as much from treatment

32
Q

External Validity: Reactive arrangements

A

If individuals change their behavior when observed (threat to internal validity), results are not generalizable to real world conditions (threat to external validity)

33
Q

External Validity: Multiple treatment conditions

A

Multiple treatments may create an artificial setting that does not exist in the real world, so results are not generalizable

34
Q

Relationship between Internal and External Validity

A

Internal validity is more critical than external Without internal validity, research is not testing what it reports to measure As the study inclusion criteria becomes more selective, the results become less generalizable

35
Q

Random errors

A
  • Occur by chance and are inconsistent across the respondents - Increase or decrease results in an unpredictable manner - Researchers have no control over the occurrence of random errors - Reduced through statistical methods by averaging scores over a larger sample size - Influences reliability
36
Q

Systematic errors

A
  • Consistent in the same direction (all results have the same error) - Introduce inaccuracy and bias into the measurement - Problematic to detect and eliminate - Not possible to reduce the effect of systematic errors through statistical methods - Influences validity - Occurs in three areas: Environment, Observation, Drift
37
Q

Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)

A
  • The gold standard of research design - Participants are randomly assigned to either a treatment group or a non-treatment group - Participants in each group have similar characteristics - Allows researchers to draw conclusions with confidence
38
Q

If Sample Size is too small?

A

When sample is too small, results are inconclusive and significant differences among groups are statistically harder to determine

39
Q

If Sample Size is too large?

A

When sample is too large, cost, feasibility and time become problematic

40
Q

Precision and Accuracy of the study Increase as…

A

as the sample size increases

41
Q

Selection bias:

A

Specific individuals or groups are purposely omitted from research

42
Q

Measurement bias

A

Occurs because of systematic errors in measurement

43
Q

Intervention bias:

A

How intervention groups are treated differently than control groups if the researchers involved know which group is which

44
Q

Pilot Testing

A

Involves conducting a preliminary test of data collection tools and procedures to identify and eliminate problems

45
Q

Conduct a pilot study by categories:

A
  • Sample of Respondents - Data Collection for Pilot Tests - Data Analysis - Outcome
46
Q

Cronbach’s alpha

A

Cronbach’s alpha is a measure of internal consistency, that is, how closely related a set of items are as a group

Public Health 102 (10 decks)

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