Chapter 5

Question 1

Celiac disease

Answer 1

an inherited digestive problem in which gluten triggers an immune response that damages the small intestine

Question 2

Catch up growth

Answer 2

treatment in the form of a gluten-free diet restores absorption of nutrients

Question 3

Endocrine gland

Answer 3

secretes hormones directly into bloodstream

Question 4

Pituitary gland

Answer 4

growth hormone

Question 5

Growth hormone

Answer 5

triggers the production of specialized hormones that directly regulate growth

Question 6

Androgens

Answer 6

responsible for the development of the male sex organs and contribute to sexual motivation during adulthood

Question 7

Estrogen

Answer 7

primary female hormone, increasing dramatically during puberty

Question 8

Neuron

Answer 8

contains 3 main parts: dendrites, cell body, and axon

The basic unit of the nervous system; nerve cell

Question 9

Synapse

Answer 9

the axon of one neuron makes a connection with another neuron at a tiny gap

Question 10

Myelination

Answer 10

neurons becoming encased in this protective substance that speeds transmission - fatty substance that rings the axo to prevent signal loss

Question 11

Plasticity

Answer 11

responsive to the individual’s experience and can develop in a variety of ways

Question 12

Axon

Answer 12

conducts impulses from the cell body to other cells

Question 13

Lateralization

Answer 13

1. The left cerebral hemisphere controls the right side of the body
2. The right hemisphere controls the left side of the body
3. Asymmetrical - different on both sides of the brain

Question 14

Neurogenesis

Answer 14

the process of generating new neurons across a life span

Question 15

Cephalocaudal principle

Answer 15

growth occurs in a head-to-tail direction; 1st principle

Question 16

Proximodistal principle

Answer 16

2nd principle; growth can be seen during the prenatal period when the chest and internal organs form before the arms, hands, and fingers; from the center outward to the extremities

Question 17

Orthogenic principle

Answer 17

Development starts globally and undifferentiated and proceeds toward hierarchical integration and differentiation; 3rd principle

Question 18

Reflex

Answer 18

unlearned or involuntary response to a stimulus. Ex. blinking

Question 19

Survival reflexes

Answer 19

permanent adaptive reflexes

Question 20

Primitive reflexes

Answer 20

Typically disappear during the early months of infancy. Ex. grasping hand reflex

Question 21

REM sleep

Answer 21

Active sleep - Rapid eye movement

• Newborns=50% of sleep is REM
• Infants older than 6 months=25-30%

Question 22

Developmental norm

Answer 22

average age of mastery

Question 23

Gross motor skills

Answer 23

Larger movements your baby makes with his arms, legs, feet, or his entire body. Ex. crawling or running

Question 24

Fine motor skills

Answer 24

Small movements — such as picking up small objects and holding a spoon — that use the small muscles of the fingers, toes, wrists, lips, and tongue

Question 25

Rhythmic stereotypes

Answer 25

performed before new motor skill emerges - repetitive movements Ex. Rocking or swaying

Question 26

Dynamic system’s theory

Answer 26

“Self organizing” process in which children use the sensory feedback they receive when they try different movements to modify their motor behavior in adaptive ways

Question 27

Locomotion

Answer 27

movement from one place to another

Question 28

Ulnar grasp

Answer 28

clamp like grasp in which they press the palm and outer fingers together

Question 29

Pincer grasp

Answer 29

involving only the thumb and the forefinger

Question 30

Congenital malformations

Answer 30

defects that are present at birth, either from genetic factors or prenatal events - leading cause of death during the first year

Question 31

Reaction time

Answer 31

a stimulus such as light, suddenly appears and the subject’s task is to respond to it as quickly as possible

Question 32

Body mass index (BMI)

Answer 32

a marker of body fat calculated from a person’s height and weight

Question 33

Puberty

Answer 33

the process of biological change that result in an individual’s attaining sexual maturity and becoming cab able of producing a child

Question 34

Adolescent growth spurt

Answer 34

increase in the level of growth hormones circulating through the body during adolescence

Question 35

Adrenarche

Answer 35

Circulation of adrenal hormones contributes partly to such secondary sex characteristics as pubic and axillary hair.

Question 36

Menarche

Answer 36

The first menstruation, normally between the ages of 11-14

Question 37

Secular trend

Answer 37

The historical trend in industrialized societies toward earlier maturation and greater body size.

Question 38

Semenarche

Answer 38

A boy’s first ejaculation, average age of 13

Question 39

Constitutional growth delay

Answer 39

characterized by being small for age and late entering puberty, but growing at a normal or near-normal pace.

Question 40

Diabetes

Answer 40

high levels of sugar in the blood

Question 41

Reserve capacity

Answer 41

their ability to respond to demands for extraordinary output

Question 42

Ageism

Answer 42

Prejudice against elderly people

Question 43

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

Answer 43

The cyclic changes in hormones may lead to such symptoms as bloating, moodiness, etc during the days of their menstrual flow.

Question 44

Hot flashes

Answer 44

sudden experiences of warmth and sweating

Question 45

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)

Answer 45

Was considered an effective cure for the symptoms that many women experience with menopause

Question 46

Andropause

Answer 46

Is characterized by decreasing levels of testosterone and a variety of symptoms including low libido, fatigue, erection problems, etc.

Question 47

Osteoporosis

Answer 47

a disease in which a serious loss of minerals leaves the bones fragile and easily fractured

Question 48

Osteoarthritis

Answer 48

gradual deterioration of the cartilage that cushions the bones from rubbing against one another