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Pchycology Life Span > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Growth

A

The physical changes that occur from conception to maturity.

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2
Q

Biological aging

A

The deterioration of organisms that leads inevitably to their death.

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3
Q

To most developmentalists, positive, negative, and neutral changes in the mature organism; different from biological aging

A

Aging

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4
Q

Development

A

Systematic changes in the individual occurring between conception and death; such changes can be positive, negative, or neutral.

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5
Q

Age grade

A

Socially defined age groups or strata, each w/ different statuses, roles, privileges, and responsibilities in society.

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6
Q

Rite of passage

A

From childhood to adulthood

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7
Q

Age norms

A

Expectations about what people should be doing or how they should act at different points in a life

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8
Q

Social clock

A

A personal sense of when things should be done in life and when the individual is ahead of or behind the schedule dictated by age norms.

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9
Q

Ethnicity

A

A person’s classification in or affiliation with group based on common heritage or traditions.

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10
Q

Socioeconomic status (SES)

A

The position people hold in society based on such factors as income, education, occupational status, and the prestige of their neighborhood.

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11
Q

Adolescence

A

The traditional period between childhood and adulthood that begins with puberty and ends when the individual has acquired adult competencies and responsibilities.

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12
Q

Emerging adulthood

A

Newly identified period of the life span extending from about age 18 to age 25, when young people are neither adolescents nor adults and are exploding their identities, careers, and relationships.

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13
Q

The average number of years a newborn baby can be expected to live; now almost 78 years in the United States

A

Life expectancy

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14
Q

Nature-nurture issue

A

The debate over the relationship importance of biological predispositions (nature) and environmental influences (nurture) as determinants of human development.

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15
Q

Maturation

A

Development that are biologically programmed by genes

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16
Q

Genes

A

Functional units of heredity made up of DNA

Generation to generation

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17
Q

Environment

A

Events or conditions outside the person that are presumed to influence and be influenced by the individual

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18
Q

Learning

A

A relatively permanent change in behavior (or behavioral potential) that results from a person’s experiences or practice.

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19
Q

Bioecological model

A

Bronfenbrenner’s model of development that emphasizes the roles of both nature and buture as the developing person interacts with a series of environmental systems

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20
Q

Microsystem

A

In bronfembrenner’s model, the immediate settings in which the persons function.
Ex. Family

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21
Q

Mesosystem

A

In the model, interrelationships or immediate environments

Ex. How family affects child’s interactions at a day care center

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22
Q

Macrosystem

A

In the model, the larger cultural or sub cultural context of the development.

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23
Q

Exosystem

A

In the model, settings not experienced directly by individuals still influence their development
Ex. Effects of events at a parent’s work place on a child’s development

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24
Q

Culture

A

A system of meanings shared by a population of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.

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25
Q

Chronosystem

A

In the model, the system that captures the way changes the environment systems
Ex. Social trends and life events are patterned over a person’s lifetime

26
Q

Evidence based practice

A

Grounding what they do in research and ensuring that the curricula and treatments they provide have been demonstrated to be effective.

27
Q

Baby biographies

A

Carefully recorded observations of the growth and development of children by their parents over a period; the first scientific investigations of development

28
Q

Storm an stress

A

Hall’s term for the emotional ups and downs and rapid changes that he believed characterized adolescence

29
Q

Gerontology

A

The study of aging and old age

30
Q

Life span perspective

A

Views development as a lifelong, multidirectional process that gains and loses, characterized by plasticity, is shaped by it’s historical-cultural context, has many causes, and is best viewed from multidisciplinary perspective.

31
Q

Plasticity

A

An openness of the brain cells to positive and negative environmental influence; a capacity to change in response to experience.

32
Q

Neoroplasticity

A

The brain’s remarkable ability to change in response to experience throughout the life span, as when it recovers from injury or benefits from stimulating learning experiences

33
Q

Scientific method

A

An attitude or value about the pursuit of knowledge that dictates that investigators must be objective and must allow their data to decide the merits of their theorizing.

34
Q

Theory

A

A set of concepts and propositions designed to organized, describe, and explain a set of observations

35
Q

Hypothesis

A

A theoretical prediction about what will hold true if we observe a phenomenon

36
Q

Sample

A

The group of individual chosen to be the subjects of a study

37
Q

Population

A

A well defined group that a researcher who studies a sample of individuals is interested in drawing conclusions about

38
Q

Random sample

A

Sample formed by identifying all members of the larger population of interest and then selecting a portion of them in an unbiased way to participate in a study

39
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

A research method in which the scientist observes people as they engage in common everyday activities in their natural habitats

40
Q

Structured observation

A

Research method in which scientists create special conditions designed to elicit the behavior of interest to achieve greater control over the conditions under which they gather behavioral data.

41
Q

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

A

A brain scanning technique that uses magnetic forces to measure the increase in blood flow to an area of the brain that occurs when that brain area is active. By having children and adults perform cognitive tasks while lying very still in a scanner determined which parts of the brain are involved in particular cognitive activities

42
Q

Case study

A

In depth examination of an individual

43
Q

Experiment

A

A research strategy in which the investigator manipulates or alters some aspect of a person’s environment to measure it’s effect on the individual’s behavior or development

44
Q

Independent variable

A

The aspect of the environment that a researcher deliberately changes or manipulates in an experiment to see it’s effect on behavior; a casual variable

45
Q

Dependent variable

A

The aspect of behavior measured in an experiment and assumed to be under the control of, or dependent on, the independent variable

46
Q

Random assignment

A

Technique in which participants are placed in experimental conditions in an unbiased or random way so that the resulting groups are not systematically different

47
Q

Experimental control

A

The holding of all other factors besides the independent variable in an experiment constant so that any changes in the dependent variable can be said to be caused by the manipulation of the independent variable.

48
Q

Quasi experiment

A

An experiment like study that evaluates the effects of different treatments but does not randomly assign individuals to treatment groups

49
Q

Correlational Method

A

Involves determining whether two or more variables are related. It cannot indicate that one thing caused another, but it can suggest that a casual relationship exists or allow us to predict one characteristic from our knowledge of another

50
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

A measure ranging from +1.00 to -1.00 of the extent to which two variables or attributes are systematically related to each other in a either a positive or negative way

51
Q

Meta-analysis

A

A research method in which the results of multiple studies addressing the same question are synthesized to produce overall conclusions

52
Q

Cross-sectional design

A

A developmental research design in which different age groups are studied at the same point and compared.

53
Q

Cohort

A

A group of people born at the same time; a particular generation of people

54
Q

Age effects

A

The effects of getting older or of developing

55
Q

Cohort effects

A

In cross sectional research, the effects on findings that the different age groups being compared were born at different times and had different formative experiences

56
Q

Baby boom generation

A

The huge generation of people born between 1946-1964

57
Q

Longitudinal design

A

One group of subjects is studied repeatedly over months or years

58
Q

Time of measurement effects

A

The effects on findings of historical events occurring when the data for a study are being collected ( ex. Psychological changes brought about by an economic depression rather than as a function of aging)

59
Q

Sequential design

A

Design that combines the cross sectional approach and the longitudinal approach in a single study to compensate for the weaknesses of each

60
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

The belief that ones own cultural or ethnic group is superior to others

61
Q

Research ethics

A

Standards of conduct that investigators are ethically bound to honor to protect their research participants from physical or psychological harm

Pchycology Life Span (8 decks)

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