Chapter 5

Question 1

Evolution

Answer 1

Chane in the genetic makeup of a population of a species in successive generations. If continued long enough, it can lead to the formation of a new species. Note theta populations-not individuals.

Question 2

Microevolution

Answer 2

The small genetic changes a population undergoes.

Question 3

Macroevolution

Answer 3

Long-term, large-scale evolutionary changes among groups of species.

Question 4

Gene pool

Answer 4

The sum total of all genes found in the individuals of the population of a particular species.

Question 5

Natural selection

Answer 5

Differential reproduction of individuals in the same population based on genetic differences among them. Process by which a particular beneficial gene (or set of genes) is reproduced in succeeding generations more than other genes. The result of natural selection is a population that contains a greater proportion of organisms better abated to certain environmental conditions.

Question 6

Differential reproduction

Answer 6

Phenomenon in which individuals with adaptive genetic traits produce more living offspring than do individuals without such traits.

Question 7

adaptation

Answer 7

Any genetically controlled structural, physiological, or behavioral characteristic that helps an organism survive and reproduce under a given set of environmental conditions. It usually results from a beneficial mutation.

Question 8

ecological niche

Answer 8

Total way of life or role of a species in an ecosystem. It includes all physical, chemical, and biological conditions a species needs to live and reproduce in an ecosystem.

Question 9

habitat

Answer 9

Place or type of place where an organism or population of organisms lives.

Question 10

fundamental niche

Answer 10

The full potential range of the physical, chemical , and biological factors a species can use if there is no competition from other species.

Question 11

evolutionary divergence/divergent evolution

Answer 11

Members of isolated populations of a sexually reproducing species may become so different in genetic makeup that when they are together again they coannot produce live, fertile offspring. Then one speices becomes two and speciation has occurred.

Question 12

geographic isolation

Answer 12

Separation of populations of a species for long times into different areas.

Question 13

reproductive isolation

Answer 13

Long-term geographic separation of members of a particular sexually reproducing species.

Question 14

extinction

Answer 14

Complete disappearance of a species from the earth. This happens when a species cannot adapt and successfully reproduce under new environmental conditions or when it evolves into one or more new species.

Question 15

genetically modified organisms (GMOs)

Answer 15

Organism whose genetic makeup has been modified by genetic engineering

Question 16

traditional crossbreeding

Answer 16

involves mixing the genes of similar types of organisms through breeding.

Question 17

biopharming

Answer 17

Use of genetically engineered animals to act as biofactories for producing drugs, vaccines, antibodies, hormones, industrial chemicals such as plastics and detergents, and human body organs.

Question 18

Light year

Answer 18

distance that light travels in one year + is 6 trillion miles

Question 19

Prokaryotic kingdoms

Answer 19

Single celled organisms, have no internal structures, nucleus, or membrane that surrounds the structures.

Question 20

Moncra

Answer 20

Bacteria and cynobacteria

Question 21

Eukaryotic kingdoms

Answer 21

Organisms with a membrane that contains a nucleus inside.

Question 22

Protista

Answer 22

Mostly one celled organisms have characteristics of all 3 eukaryotic kingdoms

Question 23

Fungi

Answer 23

Organisms that decompose stuff

Question 24

Plantae

Answer 24

Organisms that make their own food using photosynthesis

Question 25

Annuals

Answer 25

Complete life cycle in one year

Question 26

Perennial

Answer 26

live for more than one season

Question 27

Animalia

Answer 27

organisms must get organic compounds form the food they eat most are able to move

Question 28

Invertebrates

Answer 28

no backbone ex: jellyfish

Question 29

Vertebrates

Answer 29

Fish, birds, humans

Question 30

Evolutionary bush

Answer 30

One life form splits into two and those branches split (independently)

Question 31

Adaptive Radiation

Answer 31

when one species splits into many species to fill open habitats

Question 32

Speciation

Answer 32

one species can evolve into two or more species.

Question 33

Punctuated equilibrium

Answer 33

evolution occurs in long periods of no change and short periods of a lot of change.

Question 34

Mutation

Answer 34

fundamental origin of all genetic (DNA) change.

Question 35

Genetic Drift

Answer 35

isolated populations accumulate different mutations over time.

Question 36

Founder effect

Answer 36

Sampling bias during immigration. when a new population is formed, its genetic composition depends largely on the gene frequencies within the group of first settlers.

Question 37

Stabilizing selection

Answer 37

Acts upon extremes (gone) and favors the intermediate.

Question 38

Directional selection

Answer 38

Favors variants of one extreme

Question 39

Diversifying selection

Answer 39

Favors variants of opposite.

Question 40

Biogeography

Answer 40

Geographical distribution of a species.

Question 41

Fossil Record

Answer 41

Fossi;s and the order in which they appear in layers of sedimentary rock (strongest evidence)

Question 42

Taxonomy

Answer 42

Classification of life forms

Question 43

Homologous Structures

Answer 43

Structures that are similar because of common ancestry (comparative anatomy) `

Question 44

Comparative Embryology

Answer 44

Study of structures that appear during embryonic development.