Chapter 5 Flashcards
Evolution
Chane in the genetic makeup of a population of a species in successive generations. If continued long enough, it can lead to the formation of a new species. Note theta populations-not individuals.
Microevolution
The small genetic changes a population undergoes.
Macroevolution
Long-term, large-scale evolutionary changes among groups of species.
Gene pool
The sum total of all genes found in the individuals of the population of a particular species.
Natural selection
Differential reproduction of individuals in the same population based on genetic differences among them. Process by which a particular beneficial gene (or set of genes) is reproduced in succeeding generations more than other genes. The result of natural selection is a population that contains a greater proportion of organisms better abated to certain environmental conditions.
Differential reproduction
Phenomenon in which individuals with adaptive genetic traits produce more living offspring than do individuals without such traits.
adaptation
Any genetically controlled structural, physiological, or behavioral characteristic that helps an organism survive and reproduce under a given set of environmental conditions. It usually results from a beneficial mutation.
ecological niche
Total way of life or role of a species in an ecosystem. It includes all physical, chemical, and biological conditions a species needs to live and reproduce in an ecosystem.
habitat
Place or type of place where an organism or population of organisms lives.
fundamental niche
The full potential range of the physical, chemical , and biological factors a species can use if there is no competition from other species.
evolutionary divergence/divergent evolution
Members of isolated populations of a sexually reproducing species may become so different in genetic makeup that when they are together again they coannot produce live, fertile offspring. Then one speices becomes two and speciation has occurred.
geographic isolation
Separation of populations of a species for long times into different areas.
reproductive isolation
Long-term geographic separation of members of a particular sexually reproducing species.
extinction
Complete disappearance of a species from the earth. This happens when a species cannot adapt and successfully reproduce under new environmental conditions or when it evolves into one or more new species.
genetically modified organisms (GMOs)
Organism whose genetic makeup has been modified by genetic engineering
traditional crossbreeding
involves mixing the genes of similar types of organisms through breeding.
biopharming
Use of genetically engineered animals to act as biofactories for producing drugs, vaccines, antibodies, hormones, industrial chemicals such as plastics and detergents, and human body organs.
Light year
distance that light travels in one year + is 6 trillion miles
Prokaryotic kingdoms
Single celled organisms, have no internal structures, nucleus, or membrane that surrounds the structures.
Moncra
Bacteria and cynobacteria
Eukaryotic kingdoms
Organisms with a membrane that contains a nucleus inside.
Protista
Mostly one celled organisms have characteristics of all 3 eukaryotic kingdoms
Fungi
Organisms that decompose stuff
Plantae
Organisms that make their own food using photosynthesis
Annuals
Complete life cycle in one year
Perennial
live for more than one season
Animalia
organisms must get organic compounds form the food they eat most are able to move
Invertebrates
no backbone ex: jellyfish
Vertebrates
Fish, birds, humans
Evolutionary bush
One life form splits into two and those branches split (independently)
Adaptive Radiation
when one species splits into many species to fill open habitats
Speciation
one species can evolve into two or more species.
Punctuated equilibrium
evolution occurs in long periods of no change and short periods of a lot of change.
Mutation
fundamental origin of all genetic (DNA) change.
Genetic Drift
isolated populations accumulate different mutations over time.
Founder effect
Sampling bias during immigration. when a new population is formed, its genetic composition depends largely on the gene frequencies within the group of first settlers.
Stabilizing selection
Acts upon extremes (gone) and favors the intermediate.
Directional selection
Favors variants of one extreme
Diversifying selection
Favors variants of opposite.
Biogeography
Geographical distribution of a species.
Fossil Record
Fossi;s and the order in which they appear in layers of sedimentary rock (strongest evidence)
Taxonomy
Classification of life forms
Homologous Structures
Structures that are similar because of common ancestry (comparative anatomy) `
Comparative Embryology
Study of structures that appear during embryonic development.
