Chapter 10

Question 1

demography

Answer 1

the study of the size, composition, and distribution of human populations and the causes and consequences of changes in these characteristics.

Question 2

population change

Answer 2

an increase or decrease in the size of a population. It is equal to (Births + Immigration) - (Deaths + Emigration)

Question 3

birth rate

Answer 3

same as crude birth rate

Question 4

crude birth rate

Answer 4

annual number of deaths per 1,000 people in the population of a geographic area at the midpoint of a given year.

Question 5

death rate

Answer 5

same as crude death rate

Question 6

crude death rate

Answer 6

annual number of deaths per 1,000 people in the population of a geographic area at the midpoint of a given year.

Question 7

doubling time

Answer 7

the time it takes (usually in years) for the quantity of something growing exponentially to double. it can be calculated by dividing the annual percentage growth rate into 70.

Question 8

rule of 70

Answer 8

doubling time (in years) = 70/(percentage growth rate).

Question 9

fertility

Answer 9

the number of individuals that occur to an individual women or in a population.

Question 10

replacement-level fertility

Answer 10

number of children a couple must have yo replace them. the average number for a country or the world usually is slightly higher than 2 children per couple (2.1 in the United States and in 2.5 in some developing countries) because some children die before reaching their reproductive years.

Question 11

total fertility rate

Answer 11

estimate of the average number of children who will be born alive to a women during her lifetime if she passes through all her childbearing years (ages 15-44) conforming to age-specific fertility rates of a given year. in simpler terms, it is an estimate of the average number of children a women will have during her childbearing years.

Question 12

life expectancy

Answer 12

average number of years a newborn infant can be expected to live.

Question 13

infant mortality rate

Answer 13

number of babies out of every 1,000 born each year that die before their first birthday.

Question 14

age structure

Answer 14

percentage of the population (or number of people of each sex) at each age level in a population.

Question 15

demographic transition

Answer 15

hypothesis that countries, as they become industrialized, have declines in death rates followed by declines in birth rates.

Question 16

preindustrial state

Answer 16

when there is little population growth because harsh living conditions leads to both a high birth rate (to compensate for high infant mortality) and a high death rate.

Question 17

transitional state

Answer 17

when industrialization begins, food production rises, and health care improves. death rates drops and birth rates remain high, so the population grows rapidly

Question 18

postindustrial state

Answer 18

when the birth rate declines further, equaling the death rate and reaching zero population growth.

Question 19

family planning

Answer 19

providing information, clinical services, and contraceptives to help people choose the number and spacing of children they want to have.