Chapter 11

Question 1

intrinsic/existence value

Answer 1

value of an organism, species, ecosystem, or the earth’s biodiversity based on its existence, regardless of whether it has any usefulness to us.

Question 2

instrumental value

Answer 2

value of an organism, species, ecosystem, or the earth’s biodiversity based on its usefulness to us.

Question 3

aesthetic value

Answer 3

is another nonuse value because many people appreciate a tree, forest, wild species, or a vista because of its beauty.

Question 4

conservation biology

Answer 4

multidisciplinary science created to deal with the crisis of maintaining the genes, species, communities, and ecosystems that make up earth’s biological diversity. it’s goals are to investigate human impacts on biodiversity and to develop practical approaches to preserving biodiversity.

Question 5

hot spots

Answer 5

conservation biologists identify the most endangered and species-rich ecosystems.

Question 6

National Forest System

Answer 6

are used for logging, mining, livestock grazing, farming, oil and gas extraction, recreation, hunting, fishing, and conservation of watershed, soil, and wildlife resources.

Question 7

National Resource Lands

Answer 7

are used primarily for mining, oil and gas extraction, and livestock grazing.

Question 8

National Wildlife Refuges

Answer 8

protect habitats and breeding areas for waterfowl and big game to provide a harvestable supply for hunters; a few protect endangered species from extinction. Permitted activities in most refuges include hunting, trapping, fishing, oil and gas development, mining, logging, grazing, some military activities, and farming.

Question 9

National Park System

Answer 9

only camping, hiking, sport fishing, and boating can take national parks, but sport hunting, mining, and oil gas drilling is allowed.

Question 10

National Wilderness Preservation System

Answer 10

most of these areas are open only for recreational activities such as hiking, sport fishing, camping, and non motorized boating.

Question 11

old-growth forest

Answer 11

an uncut forest or regenerated forest that has not been seriously disturbed by human activities or natural disasters for at least several hundred years.

Question 12

second-growth forest

Answer 12

a stand of trees resulting from secondary ecological succession.

Question 13

tree plantation/tree farm

Answer 13

site planted with one or only a few tree species in an evened stand. when the stand matures it is usually harvested by clear-cutting and then replanted. these farms normally are used to grow rapidly growing tree species for fuelwood, timber, or pulpwood.

Question 14

even-aged management

Answer 14

method of forest management in which trees, sometimes of a single species in a given stand, are maintained at about the same age and size and are harvested all at once.

Question 15

uneven-aged management

Answer 15

method of forest management in which trees of different species in a given stand are maintained at many ages and sizes to permit continuous natural regeneration.

Question 16

selective cutting

Answer 16

cutting of intermediate-aged, mature, or diseased trees in an uneven-aged forest stand, either singly or in small groups. this encourages the growth of younger trees and maintains an uneven aged stand.

Question 17

shelterwood cutting

Answer 17

removal of mature, marketable trees in an area in a series of partial cuttings to allow regeneration of a new stance under the partial shade of older trees, which are later removed. Typically, this done by making two or three cuts over a decade.

Question 18

seed-tree cutting

Answer 18

removal of nearly all trees on a site in one cutting, with a few seed-producing trees left uniformly distributed to regenerate the forest.

Question 19

clear-cutting

Answer 19

method of timber harvesting in which all trees in a forested area are removed in a single cutting.

Question 20

strip cutting

Answer 20

a variation of clear-cutting in which a strip of trees is clear cut along the contour of the land, with the corridor narrow enough to allow natural regeneration within a few years. after regeneration, another strip is cut above the first, and so one.

Question 21

deforestation

Answer 21

removal of trees from a forested area without adequate replanting.

Question 22

surface fires

Answer 22

forest fire that burns only undergrowth and leaf litter on the forest floor.

Question 23

crown fires

Answer 23

extremely hot forest fire that burns ground vegetation and treetops.

Question 24

Healthy Forests Initiative

Answer 24

under this law, timber companies are allowed to cut down economically valuable medium and large trees in most national forests for 10 years in return for clearing away smaller, more fire-prone trees and underbrush.

Question 25

habitat corridors

Answer 25

can help support more species and allow migration of vertebrates that need large ranges. they also permit migration of individuals and populations when environmental conditions in a reserve deteriorate and help preserve animals that must make seasonal migrations to obtain food.

Question 26

biosphere reserves

Answer 26

in each of the earth;s 193 biogeographical zones. today there are more than 425 biosphere reserves in 95 countries.

Question 27

ecological restoration

Answer 27

the process of repairing damage caused by humans to the biodiversity and dynamics of natural ecosystems.

Question 28

restoration

Answer 28

trying to return a particular degraded habitat or ecosystem to a condition as similar as possible to its natural state.

Question 29

rehabilitation

Answer 29

attempts to turn a degrade ecosystem back into a functional or useful ecosystem without trying to restore it to its original condition.

Question 30

brownfield

Answer 30

an abandoned and polluted industrial plant may be cleaned up and then redeveloped into office buildings, apartments, a sports field, or a park.

Question 31

replacement

Answer 31

replacing a degraded ecosystem with another type of ecosystem.