Chapter 5 Flashcards
Peripheral Nervous System
Cranial and spinal nerves and branches
Central Nervous System
consists of brain and spinal cord
2 types of cells in the NS
neurons and neuroglial cells
5x more __________ cells than __________
neuroglial
neurons
afferent neurons
sensory
inform CNS about conditions in both the external and internal environment
efferent neurons
motor
-carry instructions from CNS to effector organs - muscles and glands
interneurons: found entirely in the ______
CNS
interneurons
responsible for integrating afferent information and formulating an efferent response
interneurons: higher ___________
mental functioning - “the mind”
nuclei
collection of neuronal cell bodies in CNS
ganglia
collection of neuronal cell bodies in PNS
afferent is ___________
towards
efferent is ___________
away
astrocytes
neuroglial cells in the CNS
- “end feet” aid in establishment of BBB
- star shaped
- take up extra K+ in ECF
- “ION SINK”
- helps with synaptic transmission
oligodendrocytes
- neuroglial cells in the CNS
- form myelin sheaths (white matter)
microglia
- neuroglial cells in the CNS
- phagocytes of CNS
ependymal cells
- neuroglial cells in the CNS
- form tissue, line ventricles of the brain
- help form and circulate CSF
- have cilia (helps circulate CSF in the ventricles
BBB - functions
protects brain from chemical fluctuations in blood
- minimizes possibility that harmful blood-borne substances might reach central nervous tissue
- limits use of drugs for treatment of brain and spinal cord disorders
______ protects brain from chemical fluctuations in blood
BBB
4 main parts of the brain
- brain stem
- cerebellum
- diencephalon
- cerebrum
brain stem
vegetative functions
- oldest region of the brain
- continuous with spinal cord
- controls many life-sustaining processes such as respiration, circulation, and digestion
- most cranial nerves arise from brain stem
oldest region of the brain
brain stem
controls processes such as respiration, digestion, and circulation
brain stem
anything above foramen magnum is ________
brain stem
anything below foramen magnum is ___________
spinal cord
wakefulness/arousal - _____________ system
reticular activating system
sensory info is _________ brain
towards
motor information is ____________ brain
away from
medulla oblongata - structure
long, white narrow structure
medulla oblongata - cardiovascular system
controls heart rate, SA node = pacemaker of the heart (controls heart rate)
medulla oblongata - respiratory center
rhythm of breathing; contains pacemaker cells
pons - structure
rounded bulge above medulla
Pons
pneumotaxic and apneustic areas
helps medulla oblongata control respiration
pneumotaxic
expiration
apneustic
inspiration
midbrain - structure
above pons - cerebral aqueduct passes through here
midbrain - contains ______ areas
reflex
midbrain - corpora quadrigemina
4 rounded bumps that are reflex centers for visual and auditory reflexes
superior colliculi (midbrain)
visual
inferior colliculi - midbrain
auditory
midbrain - basal ganglia
act by modifying ongoing activity in motor pathways
- balances IPSPs and EPSPs to aid in movement
- selecting and maintaining purposeful motor activity while suppressing useless or unwanted patterns of movement
- helping monitor and coordinate slow, sustained contractions, especially those related to posture and support
midbrain - basal ganglia
Receives input from ___________ neurons
substantia nigra
Cerebellum
maintains proper position of body (coordination of movement
- subconscious coordination of motor activity (movement)
- plays key role in learning skilled motor tasks (ex. playing piano, layup)
__________ plays key role in learning skilled motor tasks
cerebellum
subconscious coordination of motor activity is the ___________
cerebellum
diencephalon - structure and location
- above brainstem
- contains thalamus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland
diencephalon - thalamus - strucutre
paired oval masses of gray matter above midbrain, forms lateral walls of the third ventricle
diencephalon - thalamus (function)
- relay station for sensory information coming from the spinal cord and brainstem; relaying it to the appropriate areas in the brain for interpretation - takes sensory info and sorts it
relay station of the brain is the _______
thalamus
the ________ is in the thalamus and receives visual input
Lateral Geniculate nuclei
the Lateral Geniculate nuclei receives _______ input
visual
diencephalon - hypothalamus (structure)
inferior to thalamus, pituitary gland found just below
function of hypothalamus of the diencephalon
plays a key role in maintaining homeostasis; serves as a link between endocrine and nervous systems
- makes 2 hormones
- controls ANS - regulates heart rate, temperature, BP, sleep, feeding, thrist, and rage
the hypothalamus makes what 2 hormones
oxytocin and ADH for the pituitary to release
ADH
makes you conserve water
_______ plays a key role in maintaining homeostasis and serves as a link between the endocrine and nervous systems
hypothalamus
diencephalon - pineal gland
produces melatonin
- sleep wake cycles
melatonin is produced from _______
triptophan
Cerebrum - largest portion of the brain - center for ____________
higher brain activity
cerebrum - higher brain activity
conscious
thinking
reasoning
memory
structural terminology of cerebrum
cerebral cortex
2 hemispheres
gyri/convolutions
sulci/fissures
cerebrum - cerebral cortex
outer layer of grey matter, cell bodies
the 2 hemispheres of the cerebrum are connected by the ________
corpus callosum
gyri
bumps
sulci
grooves or valleys
lobes of cerebrum - frontal
voluntary motor movement
- speech, thought, motivation
lobes of cerebrum - parietal
somatosensory processing (body sensations)
lobes of cerebrum - temporal
initial processing of auditory input
lobes of cerebrum - occipital
processing of visual input
limbic system: responsible for _______
emotion
limbic system: basic, inborn behavioral patterns related to _________ and perpetuation of the species
survival
limbic system contains the ___________
nucleus accumbens
the nucleus accumbens is also called the ________ center
reward
functional areas of cerebrum: sensory areas - post central gyrus
perception of touch
incoming information crosses over
body map on the cortex - homunculus (little man)
functional areas of cerebrum: sensory areas - primary visual area
within occipital lobe
- different areas in the visual cortex are responsible for different aspects of vision (ex. cant recognize faces)
functional areas of the cerebrum: sensory areas - primary auditory area
within the temporal lobes
- sounds are mapped to meanings
contralateral neglect caused by damage to ________ lobe
parietal
ex. draws only one side of the house
functional areas of the cerebrum: motor areas - precentral gyrus - primary motor areas
confers voluntary control over skeletal muscles
- left hemi controls right side and vice versa
- amount of cortex determines amount of control = motor homunculus
- proportions reflect relative size of cortex
functional areas of cerebrum: motor areas - language - Brocca’s
- only in left temporal (right above eyebrow)
- motor control for speech
- sends out motor impulses to muscles in tongue for speech
- have difficulty getting the words out (they know what to say but can’t)
Wernicke’s area
understandable speech/processing speech (NOT motor area)
- you are talking fine, but not making any sense (“word salad”)
- don’t realize that you are not making sense
- todo todo todo
association areas
complex functions like memory, reasoning, judgment, personality, intelligence
- located in many areas
memory
storage of acquired knowledge for later recall
short-term memory
lasts for seconds to hours (erasable blackboard)
- transient neural events
- a way so the brain does not get overloaded
long-term memory
- retained for days to years (not electrical, not APs)
- involves structural and functional changes in neuron connections
- strengthening the connections between neurons
consolidation
process of transferring and fixing short-term memory traces into long-term memory stores
- the job of the hippocampus
- organizing and storing memories then being able to retrieve them
