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Old Patho MS2 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Somatic cells do _____ express telomerase, but cancer & embryonic cells do express telomerase.

A

Somatic cells do not express telomerase, but cancer & embryonic cells do express telomerase.

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2
Q

HPV virus & all _____ tumor viruses inactivate tumor suppressor proteins. HPV E6 & E7 inactivate p53 & Rb respectivley.

A

HPV virus & all DNA tumor viruses inactivate tumor suppressor proteins. HPV E6 & E7 inactivate p53 & Rb respectivley.

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3
Q

Carcinomatosis means widespread _____ of cancer.

A

Carcinomatosis means widespread dissemination of cancer.

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4
Q

Koilocystosis means squamous cells with perinuclear halos and nuclear changes. It is indicative of _____ infection.

A

Koilocystosis means squamous cells with perinuclear halos and nuclear changes. It is indicative of HPV infection.

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5
Q

Low grade tumors are _____ differentiated and high grade tumors lack differentiated features (anaplasia).

A

Low grade tumors are well differentiated and high grade tumors lack differentiated features (anaplasia).

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6
Q

Comedocarcinoma is a ductal carcinoma with _____ structures.

A

Comedocarcinoma is a ductal carcinoma with necrotic structures.

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7
Q

Secretion of ATCH also called corticotropin by small cell carcinoma leads to features of _____ syndrome–hyperglycemia & hypertension

A

Secretion of ATCH also called corticotropin by small cell carcinoma leads to features of cushings syndrome–hyperglycemia & hypertension

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8
Q

Adrenal and pulmonary metastesis cancers lead to _____ loss of function = addisons disease.

A

Adrenal and pulmonary metastesis cancers lead to adrenal loss of function = addisons disease.

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9
Q

Alpha _____ is a marker for yolk sac carcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma

A

Alpha fetoprotein is a marker for yolk sac carcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma

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10
Q

Calretinin provides is a marker for _____

A

Calretinin provides is a marker for mesothelioma

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11
Q

Carcinoembryonic antigen is a marker for _____ carcinoma.

A

Carcinoembryonic antigen is a marker for colon carcinoma.

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12
Q

Synaptophysin is a marker for _____ tumors including _____ cell carcinoma of the lung.

A

Synaptophysin is a marker for neuroendocrine tumors including small cell carcinoma of the lung.

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13
Q

Aflatoxin B1 is a product of aspergillus flavus and is a potent _____ carcinogen.

A

Aflatoxin B1 is a product of aspergillus flavus and is a potent liver carcinogen.

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14
Q

_____ is associated with mesotheleoma. mesotheliomas occur 20 - 40 yrs after exposure.

A

aspestos is associated with mesotheleoma. mesotheliomas occur 20 - 40 yrs after exposure.

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15
Q

Industrial workers exposed to vinyl chloride get angio _____ of the liver.

A

Industrial workers exposed to vinyl chloride get angiosarcomas of the liver.

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16
Q

BRCA1 & BRCA2 encode tumor _____ that check progession of cell cycle into S phase.

BRCA1 & BRCA2 also promote _____ repair* by binding to RAD51, which mediates dsDNA repair breaks.

A

BRCA1 & BRCA2 encode tumor supressors that check progession of cell cycle into S phase.

BRCA1 & BRCA2 also promote DNA repair* by binding to RAD51, which mediates dsDNA repair breaks.

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17
Q

Transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder is high in _____ dye workers.

A

Transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder is high in analine dye workers.

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18
Q

Benzene exposure is associated with _____.

A

Benzene exposure is associated with leukemia.

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19
Q

Malignant cells have proteases that degrade basement membranes including _____ activators and matrix _____.

A

Malignant cells have proteases that degrade basement membranes including plasminogen activators and matrix metalloprotease.

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20
Q

In addition to Kaposis sarcoma, HHV8 DNA virus is lymohotrophic and has been inplicated in 2 B cell malignancies called _____ lymphoma and multicentric _____ disease.

A

In addition to Kaposis sarcoma, HHV8 DNA virus is lymohotrophic and has been inplicated in 2 B cell malignancies called effusion lymphoma and multicentric castelman disease.

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21
Q

The malignancy seen in patients with _____ telangiectasia is lymphoma/ leukemia.

_____ telangiectasia features cerebellar degeneration, immunologic abnormalities, and a predisposition to cancer.

The mutated gene codes for a nuclear phosphoprotein involved in regulation of the cell cycle and DNA repair.

A

The malignancy seen in patients with ataxia telangiectasia is lymphoma/ leukemia.

Ataxia telangiectasia features cerebellar degeneration, immunologic abnormalities, and a predisposition to cancer.

The mutated gene codes for a nuclear phosphoprotein involved in regulation of the cell cycle and DNA repair.

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22
Q

Surgical approach to treatment of cancer is influenced more by _____ of cancer than histologic grade.

_____ criteria include tumor size, extent of local growth, lymph node metastesis, and distant metastesis.

A

Surgical approach to treatment of cancer is influenced more by stage of cancer than histologic grade.

Staging criteria include tumor size, extent of local growth, lymph node metastesis, and distant metastesis.

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23
Q

Histologic _____ of cancers include: proliferative capacity of tumor cells, mutations in p53 or other tumor supressor genes, karyotype.

A

Histologic grade of cancers include: proliferative capacity of tumor cells, mutations in p53 or other tumor supressor genes, karyotype.

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24
Q

Berillyum and silica cause lung disease but are _____ carcinogens.

A

Berillyum and silica cause lung disease but are not carcinogens.

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25
Q

Cancer cells often display _____ of cell cycle restriction control through mechanisms like overexpression of cyclin D1, loss of Cdk inhibitors, or inactivation of the pRb or p53 proteins.

A

Cancer cells often display loss of cell cycle restriction control through mechanisms like overexpression of cyclin D1, loss of Cdk inhibitors, or inactivation of the pRb or p53 proteins.

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26
Q

_____ is deleted or mutated in 75% of colorectal cancer cases.

A

P53 is deleted or mutated in 75% of colorectal cancer cases.

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27
Q

Malignant cancer cells have _____ cellular motility, _____ stem cell differentiation, and _____ susceptinility to apoptosis.

A

Malignant cancer cells have increased cellular motility, reduced stem cell differentiation, and decreased susceptinility to apoptosis.

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28
Q

adenoma = benign tumor of _____ epithelium.

A

adenoma = benign tumor of glandular epithelium.

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29
Q

Ectopic islands of normal tissue = _____. Examples include pancreatic tissue in stomach, adrenal tissue in kidney, nodules of splenic tissue in peritoneal cavity.

A

Ectopic islands of normal tissue = choristomas. Examples include pancreatic tissue in stomach, adrenal tissue in kidney, nodules of splenic tissue in peritoneal cavity.

30
Q

Localized disordered differentiation of normal tissue during embryoonic development = _____. They are tumors.

A

Localized disordered differentiation of normal tissue during embryoonic development = hamartoma. They are tumors.

31
Q

Benign tumors that arise from germ cells and contain all 3 germ layers = _____. They are most common in the ovary, but also occur in the testes & extragonadal sited.

A

Benign tumors that arise from germ cells and contain all 3 germ layers = teratoma. They are most common in the ovary, but also occur in the testes & extragonadal sited.

32
Q

Neuroendocrine granules from neuroendocrine tumors are present via _____ microscopy.

A

Neuroendocrine granules from neuroendocrine tumors are present via electron microscopy.

33
Q

_____ exhibit desmosomes and specialized junctional complexes.

A

Carcinomas exhibit desmosomes and specialized junctional complexes.

34
Q

Myelin figures are seen in patients with inherited lysosomal _____ disease.

A

Myelin figures are seen in patients with inherited lysosomal storage disease.

35
Q

Councilman bodies are _____ hepatocytes (acidophilic bodies).

A

Councilman bodies are apoptotic hepatocytes (acidophilic bodies).

36
Q

_____ B cell lymphomas involve a t 14:18 translocation which causes continuous expression of the bcl-2 gene.

A

Follicular B cell lymphomas involve a t 14:18 translocation which causes continuous expression of the bcl-2 gene.

37
Q

Canon ball lesions = _____ cancer. Liver is involved with a third of all metastatic cancers including half of those in the GI tract, breast, and lung.

Tumors that typically metastisize to the _____ are pancreatic carcinoma and malignant melanoma.

A

Canon ball lesions = metastatic cancer. Liver is involved with a third of all metastatic cancers including half of those in the GI tract, breast, and lung.

Tumors that typically metastisize to the liver are pancreatic carcinoma and malignant melanoma.

38
Q

Mucin secreting glandular epithelium and mucin secreting adenocarcinoma are expected in _____ cancer.

A

Mucin secreting glandular epithelium and mucin secreting adenocarcinoma are expected in (the pancreas) in pancreatic cancer.

39
Q

Acanthosis nigricans is a skin disorder or hyperkeratosis and pigmentation of the axilla, neck, flexures, and anogenital lesion. More than half of the patients with this disorder have cancer. Over 90% of cases occur with GI carcinoma, primarily _____* cancer.

A

Acanthosis nigricans is a skin disorder or hyperkeratosis and pigmentation of the axilla, neck, flexures, and anogenital lesion. More than half of the patients with this disorder have cancer. Over 90% of cases occur with GI carcinoma, primarily stomach* cancer.

40
Q

Causes of tumor _____ in situ include programmed cell death-apoptosis, inadequate blood supply with ischemia, a paucity of nutrients, and a vulnerability to specific & nonspecific host defenses.

A

Causes of tumor death in situ include programmed cell death-apoptosis, inadequate blood supply with ischemia, a paucity of nutrients, and a vulnerability to specific & nonspecific host defenses.

41
Q

CT scan of question 21 shows central necrosis (umbilication) in most of the metastatic tumor nodules.

A

CT scan of question 21 shows central necrosis (umbilication) in most of the metastatic tumor nodules.

42
Q

Adenocarcinomas of the colon express _____ marker.

A

Adenocarcinomas of the colon express carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) marker.

43
Q

_____ is found in tumors of the colon, pancreas, lung and ovary.

A

carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is found in tumors of the colon, pancreas, lung and ovary.

44
Q

Chromogranin is expressed by _____ tumors.

A

Chromogranin is expressed by neuroendocrine tumors.

45
Q

Chorionic gonadotropin is secreted by _____ (cancer of placenta).

A

Chorionic gonadotropin is secreted by choriocarcinoma (cancer of placenta).

46
Q

p53 can be inactivated by _____ methylation. these epigenetic changes are reversible, unlike genetic changes.

A

p53 can be inactivated by hypermethylation. these epigenetic changes are reversible, unlike genetic changes.

47
Q

Tumor suppressor genes need _____ hits to become inactivated and oncogenes need _____ hit to become inactivated.

A

Tumor suppressor genes need 2 hits to become inactivated and oncogenes need 1 hit to become inactivated.

48
Q

Teratocarcinomas are malignant tumors that harbor embryonal carcinoma _____ cells.

A

Teratocarcinomas are malignant tumors that harbor embryonal carcinoma stem cells.

49
Q

Highest incidence of stomach cancer is in _____. Highest incidence of colorectal cancer is in the _____.

A

Highest incidence of stomach cancer is in Japan. Highest incidence of colorectal cancer is in the USA.

50
Q

Xeroderma pigmentosum is autosomal recessive disease where increased sensitivity to sunlight accompanied by high incidence of skin _____ including basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma.

Several xeroderma pigmentosum genes are involved with nucleotide _____ of UV damaged DNA.

A

Xeroderma pigmentosum is autosomal recessive disease where increased sensitivity to sunlight accompanied by high incidence of skin cancer including basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma.

Several xeroderma pigmentosum genes are involved with nucleotide excision of UV damaged DNA.

51
Q

Li Fraumeni syndrome is an inherited predisposition to develop cancer in many organs due to mutations of _____

A

Li Fraumeni syndrome is an inherited predisposition to develop cancer in many organs due to mutations of p53.

52
Q

Patients with hereditary albinism are at a high risk for developing _____ cell carcinoma of the skin (no defect in DNA excision repair).

A

Patients with hereditary albinism are at a high risk for developing squamous cell carcinoma of the skin (no defect in DNA excision repair).

53
Q

Patients with neurofibrimatosis develop benign cutaneous _____.

A

Patients with neurofibrimatosis develop benign cutaneous neurofibromas.

54
Q

Lung cancer is the cause of _____ cancer related deaths in the USA & western europe in _____ men and women.

The second most common cause of death in women is _____ cancer.

A

Lung cancer is the cause of most cancer related deaths in the USA & western europe in both men and women.

The second most common cause of death in women is breast cancer.

55
Q

Iron deficiency anemia is common in _____ that bleed into the GI tract.

A

Iron deficiency anemia is common in cancers that bleed into the GI tract.

56
Q

One of the most common findings in patients with cancer is normocytic and normocromic _____.

A

One of the most common findings in patients with cancer is normocytic and normocromic anemia.

57
Q

gene _____ are typically found in solid tumors. Gene _____ is recognized via homogenous staining regions, abnormal banding regions on chromosomes, double minutes (small paired cytoplasmic bodies).

A

gene amplification are typically found in solid tumors. Gene amplification is recognized via homogenous staining regions, abnormal banding regions on chromosomes, double minutes (small paired cytoplasmic bodies).

58
Q

Neuroblastoma has gene amplification and activation of the N-_____ protooncogene.

A

Neuroblastoma has gene amplification and activation of the N-myc protooncogene.

59
Q

_____ syndrome is a systemic paraneoplastic disease caused by hormones from carcinoid tumors (via neuroendocrine granules) into venous blood.

Symptoms of flushing, wheezing, watery diarrhea, and abdominal colic are due to release of seritonin, bradykinin, and histamine.

_____ are neuroendocrine tumors in the submucosa of the intestines namley, appendix, terminal ileum, and rectum.

A

Carcinoid syndrome is a systemic paraneoplastic disease caused by hormones from carcinoid tumors (via neuroendocrine granules) into venous blood.

Symptoms of flushing, wheezing, watery diarrhea, and abdominal colic are due to release of seritonin, bradykinin, and histamine.

Carcinoids are neuroendocrine tumors in the submucosa of the intestines namley, appendix, terminal ileum, and rectum.

60
Q

_____ is the most common benign tumor of the uterus arising in women of reproductive age. It originates from the smooth muscle of the myometrium.

A

Leimyoma is the most common benign tumor of the uterus arising in women of reproductive age. It originates from the smooth muscle of the myometrium.

61
Q

Philadelphia chromosome of CML is transolaction of chromosomes _____ & _____.

abl protooncogene is on chromosome _____

bcr is on chromosome _____

After this fusion there is high levels of tyrosine kinase activity that generate mitogenic and antiapoptotic signals.

A

Philadelphia chromosome of CML is transolaction of chromosomes 9 &22.

abl protooncogene is on chromosome 9

bcr is on chromosome 22

Mnemonic A, B; 9,22…

After this fusion there is high levels of tyrosine kinase activity that generate mitogenic and antiapoptotic signals.

62
Q

HMB-45 & S-100 are markers for malignant _____.

A

HMB-45 & S-100 are markers for malignant melanoma.

63
Q

The marker for _____ cell lymphoma is CD4.

A

The marker for T cell lymphoma is CD4.

64
Q

Malignant tumors that arise in organs adjacent to body _____ like ovaries, GI tract, or lung may shed malignant cells into these spaces which typically include peritoneal and pleural cavities–seeding of pericardial cavity, joint space, and subarachnoid spaces also occur..

Tumor cells in these regions grow masses and tons of fluid (ascites or pleural fluid) in massive quantities.

Ovarian cancer can cause _____ of the peritoneal body cavity.

A

Malignant tumors that arise in organs adjacent to body cavities like ovaries, GI tract, or lung may shed malignant cells into these spaces which typically include peritoneal and pleural cavities–seeding of pericardial cavity, joint space, and subarachnoid spaces also occur..

Tumor cells in these regions grow masses and tons of fluid (ascites or pleural fluid) in massive quantities.

Ovarian cancer can cause seeding of the peritoneal body cavity.

65
Q

In hereditary retinoblastoma the child inherits _____ defective Rb. The heterozygous state is normal. But, it the remaining Rb allele is inactivated by deletion or mutation, loss of its tumor supressor function leads to retinoblastoma = loss of heterozygosity.

A

In hereditary retinoblastoma the child inherits one defective Rb. The heterozygous state is normal. But, it the remaining Rb allele is inactivated by deletion or mutation, loss of its tumor supressor function leads to retinoblastoma = loss of heterozygosity.

66
Q

_____ plasia can lead to neoplasia, especially in the endometrium. The chance of developing endometrial cancer increases with higher degrees of endometrial hyperplasia–estrogen is a risk factor for both endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma.

A

Hyperplasia can lead to neoplasia, especially in the endometrium. The chance of developing endometrial cancer increases with higher degrees of endometrial hyperplasia–estrogen is a risk factor for both endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma.

67
Q

_____ plasia in epithelium can lead to cancers of the lung, cervix, stomach, and bladder.

A

metaplasia in epithelium can lead to cancers of the lung, cervix, stomach, and bladder.

68
Q

People with ulcerative colitis have a higher risk of _____ cancer than the general population.

A

People with ulcerative colitis have a higher risk of colorectal cancer than the general population.

69
Q

Symptoms of _____ are upper truncal obesity and hyercortisolism. A tumor of the adrenal gland produces cortisol.

A

Symptoms of cushings are upper truncal obesity and hyercortisolism. A tumor of the adrenal gland produces cortisol.

70
Q

basal cell carcinoma is the most common malignant tumor in people with _____ skin due to sunglight. Sunlight causes enzyme inactivation, mutagenisis, and cell death.

A

basal cell carcinoma is the most common malignant tumor in people with pale skin due to sunglight. Sunlight causes enzyme inactivation, mutagenisis, and cell death.

71
Q

Divalent metal cations like nickel, lead, cadmium, cobalt, and beryllium can induce _____. They typically occur to people in an occupational (work) setting.

A

Divalent metal cations like nickel, lead, cadmium, cobalt, and beryllium can induce cancer. They typically occur to people in an occupational (work) setting.

72
Q

Patients with mutations in _____ tumor supressor gene have adenomatous polyposis.

_____ gene regulates the cell cycle.

A

Patients with mutations in APC tumor supressor gene have adenomatous polyposis.

APC gene regulates the cell cycle.

Old Patho MS2 (3 decks)

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