Chapter 5

Question 0

Process of ecosystems

Answer 0

Cycling chemical elements

Flow of energy

Question 1

Structure of ecosystems

Answer 1

Made up of two major parts
Living (ecological community)
Non living (physical & chemical environment)

Question 2

Ecosystem chemical cycling

Answer 2

For complete recycling of chemical elements, several species must interact
Photosynthetic organisms produce sugar from carbon dioxide and water
From sugar inorganic compound they make other organic compounds (protein, woody tissue)
Need decomposers to get back to inorganic compounds

Question 3

First trophic level

Answer 3

Use energy from the sun and Carbon dioxide from the air tonphotosynthesizes
Green plants, algae and certain bacteria
Called autotrophs

Question 4

Second trophic level

Answer 4

Organisms that feed on autotrophs

Called herbivores

Question 5

Third trophic level

Answer 5

Feed directly on herbivores 
Called carnivores (meat eaters)

Question 6

Forth trophic level

Answer 6

Carnivores that feed on third-level carnivores

Question 7

Decomposers

Answer 7

Feed on waste and dead organisms of all trophic levels

Question 8

Ecosystem energy flow

Answer 8

Movement of energy through an ecosystem from the external environment through a series of organisms and back to the external environment

Question 9

First law of thermodynamics

Answer 9

Law of conservation of energy
In any physical or chemical change, energy is neither created nor destroyed
Energy merely changed from one form to another

Question 10

Energy efficiency

Answer 10

As energy flows through a food web, ItI is degraded and less and less is useable
Entropy
Energy must be continually added to an ecosystem in useable form

Question 11

Biomass

Answer 11

Total amount of organic matter on Earth or in any ecosystem or area
Measured as the amount per unit surface area

Question 12

Biological production

Answer 12

Capture of useable energy from the environment to produce organic compounds

Question 13

Gross production

Answer 13

Increase in stored energy before any is used

Question 14

Net production

Answer 14

Change in biomass over a given time

Question 15

Three measures used for biological production

Answer 15

Biomass
Energy stored
Carbon stored

Question 16

Primary production

Answer 16

Autotrophs (&chrmoautotrophs)
Photosynthesize or chemosynthesize
Make their own organic matter room energy source and inorganic compounds

Question 17

Secondary production

Answer 17

Heterotrophs

Cannot make their own organic compounds and must feed on other living things

Question 18

Respiration

Answer 18

Use of energy from organic matter by most heterotrophic and autotrophic organisms
Organic matter combines with oxygen
Releases energy, carbon dioxide and water
Use of biomass to release energy that can be. Used to do work

Question 19

Trophic-level efficiency

Answer 19

Ratio of production of one trophic level to the production of the next trophic level 
Never very high
   1-3% in natural ecosystems 
   10% may be maximum 
90% of all energy lost as heat

Question 20

Primary succession

Answer 20

Establishment and development of an ecosystem where one did not exist previously

Question 21

Secondary succession

Answer 21

Reestablishment of an ecosystem following disturbance

Remnants of previous biological community

Question 22

Patterns of succession

Answer 22

Dunes
Bog
Abandoned farm field

Question 23

Early succession plant characteristics

Answer 23

Small size
Grow well in bright light
Withstand harshness of environment

Question 24

Bog

Answer 24

Open body of water with surface inlets but no surface outlets

Question 25

Succession

Answer 25

Sedge puts out floating runners
Wind blows particles into the mat of runners
Seeds land on runners and germinate
Mat becomes thicker and shrubs wind tress develop

Question 26

General patterns of succession

Answer 26

An initial kind of autotroph specially adapted to the unstable condition
Typically small
Help stabilize physical environment

Question 27

Second stage of autotrophs

Answer 27

Still of small statue
Rapidly growing
Seeds that spread rapidly

Question 28

Third stage

Answer 28

Larger autotrophs, including trees, enter and beigin to dominate the site

Question 29

Forth stage

Answer 29

Mature ecosystem develops

Question 30

Increased storage

Answer 30

Organic matter stores chemical elements

Question 31

Increased rate of uptake

Answer 31

Nitrogen fixation

Question 32

Decreased rate of loss

Answer 32

Presence of live and dead organic matter slows erosion

Question 33

Earlier succession species affect what happen later in succession through

Answer 33

Facilitation
Interference
Life history differences