Chapter 5

Question 1

NS (Neutral Stimulus)

Answer 1

Causes no response

Question 2

US(Unconditional Stimulus)

Answer 2

thing was not learned and produced a response

Question 3

UCR(Unconditional Response)

Answer 3

reaction to the US that was not learned(born knowing)

Question 4

CS(Conditioned Stimulus)

Answer 4

thing was learned or paired with US

Question 5

CR(Conditioned Response)

Answer 5

is the reaction to the CS that was learned after repeated parings with the US

Question 6

Classical Conditioning (Pavlovian Conditioning)

Answer 6

a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired; a response that is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone

Question 7

Continuos Reinforcement

Answer 7

Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

Question 8

Extinction

Answer 8

diminishing of a response when, in classical conditioning, an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); a response is no longer reinforced

Question 9

fixed-interval schedule

Answer 9

in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

Question 10

fixed-ratio schedule

Answer 10

in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

Question 11

negative reinforcement

Answer 11

in operant condition, a situation in which the subject’s response terminates(by escaping) or prevents(by avoiding) the delivery of an unpleasant stimulus. Thus the removal of the unpleasant stimulus increases the likelihood that the response will occur again.

Question 12

Operant Behavior

Answer 12

Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

Question 13

Operant conditioning (instrumental conditioning)

Answer 13

type of learning in which a behavior is strengthened or diminished, depending on the nature of the consequences that follow it

Question 14

Partial reinforcement

Answer 14

reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement

Question 15

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 15

in operant conditioning, a situation in which the subject receives a reinforcer after performing a particular operant behavior and does not receive a reinforcer if that operant behavior is not performed. Thus the presence of the reinforcer increases the likelihood that the behavior will occur

Question 16

Punisher

Answer 16

(punishment) any event that decreases the behavior that it follows

Question 17

Reinforcer

Answer 17

(reinforcement) in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior that is follows

Question 18

Respondent Behavior

Answer 18

Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus; Skinner’s term of behavior learned through classical conditioning

Question 19

Schedule of reinforcement

Answer 19

in operant conditioning, a rule specifying when a reinforcer will follow an operant response

Question 20

Skinner box

Answer 20

a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, and devices to record the animal’s rate of bar pressing or key pecking; used in operant conditioning research

Question 21

Variable-interval schedule

Answer 21

in OC, a scheduling of reinforcement that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

Question 22

Variable-ration schedule

Answer 22

in OC, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses