Chapter 5 Flashcards
A form of sexism characterized by attitudes about women that reflect both negative, resentful beliefs and feelings and affectionate and chivalrous but potentially patronizing beliefs and feelings.
Ambivalent sexism.
Racisms that concerns the ambivalence between fair minded attitudes and beliefs on the one hand and unconscious and unrecongized prejudicial feelings and beliefs on the other.
Aversive racism.
The theory that direct contact between hostile groups will reduce intergroup prejudice under certain conditions.
Contact hypothesis.
Behavior directed against persons beccause of their membership in a particular group.
Discrimination.
An overestime of the association between variables that are only slightly or not at all correlated.
Illusory correlation.
Racism that operates unconciously and unintentionally.
Implicit racism.
The tendency to discriminate in facour of ingroups versus outgroups.
Ingroup favoritism.
Groups with which an individual feels a sense of membership, belonging, and identity.
Ingroups.
A coperative learning method used to reduce racial prejudice through interaction in group efforts.
Jigsaw classroom.
A form of prejudice that surfaces in subtle ways when it is safe, socially acceptable, and easy to rationalize.
Modern racism.
The tendency to assume that there is greater similarity among members of outgroups than among members of ingroups.
Outgruop homogeneity effect.
Groups with which an individual does not feel a sense of membership, belonging, or identity.
Outgroups.
Negative feelings toward persons based on their membership in certain groups.
Prejudice.
Prejudice and discrimination based on a persons racial background, or institutional and cultural practices that promote the domination of one racial group over another.
Racism.
The theory that hostility between groups is caused by direct competition for limited resources.
Realistic conflict theory.
Feelings of discontent aroused by teh belief that one fares poorly compared with others.
Relative deprivation .
Prejudice and discrimination based on a persons gender, or institutional and cultural practices that promote the domination of one gender over another.
Sexism.
The classification of persons into groups on the basis of common attributes.
Social categorization.
A desire to see one’s ingroup as dominant over other groups and a willingness to adopt cultural values that facilitate oppression over other groups.
Social dominance orientation.
The theory that people favour ingroups over outgroups in order to enhance their self esteem.
Social identitiy theory.
The theory that small gender difference are magnified in perception by the contrasting social roles occupied by men and women.
Social role theory.
A model proposing that the relative status and competition between groups influence group stereotypes along the dimensions of competence and warmth.
Sterotype content model.
A belief or association that links a whole group of people with certain traits or characteristics.
Seterotypes.
The experience of concern about being evaluated based on negative stereotypes about one’s group.
Stereotype threat.
BEing persistently stereotyped, perceived as deviant, and devalued in society because of membership in a particular social group or because of a particular characteristic.
Stigmatized.
A method of presenting stimuli so faintly or rapidly that people do not have any conscious awareness of having been exposed to them.
Subliminal presentations.
A shared goald that can be achieved only through cooperation among individuals or groups.
Superodinate goals.
A theory that proposes that people are motivated (at least in part) to defend and justify the existing social, political, and economic conditions.
System justification theory.
Distinguish among stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination.
Sterotypes: A belief or assocation that links a whole group or people with certain traits and characteristics.
Prejudice: Negative feelings toward persons based on their membership to certain groups.
Discrimination: Behavior directed against persons because of their membership in a particular group.
Define modern racism and implicit racism. Give an example of each
Modern racism: A form of prejudice that surfaces in subtle ways when it is safe, socially acceptable, and easy to rationalize. (Eg. White participants playing the role of juror may be more likely to convict a black than a white defendant for a crime, particularly when the evidence is ambiguous.)
Implicit racism: Racism that operates unconsciously and unintentionally. (Eg. A potential employer were less responsive to application from people of color, as are AirBnb hosts).
Define ambivalent sexism. Provide two examples of gender stereotypes.
Ambivalent sexism: A form of sexism characterized by attitudes about women that reflect both negative, resentful beliefs and feelings and affectionate and chivalrous but potentially patronizing beliefs and feelings.
E.g., glorifying feminine behaviors while criticizing those that don’t conform, or hiring someone based on their attractiveness but firing them if they don’t respond to sexual advances.
What is stereotype threat? Why does stereotype threat occur, and what are its potential consequences?
Stereotype threat: The experience of concern about being evaluated based on negative stereotypes about one’s group.
Stereotype threat occurs when individuals are in a situation where they fear confirming a negative stereotype about their social group. (Eg. A woman in a math class who believes that women are bad at math, consequently, does poorly on the math test result.)
The potential consequences are a poorer result on the task at hand.
Define social categorization. What are the advantages and disadvantages of social categorization?
Social categorization: The classification of persons into groups on the basis of common attributes.
The advantages are that it allows us to simplify complex social environments, allowing individuals to make quicker and more efficient judgements about others.
The disadvantages include that it can also lead to stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination.
Differentiate ingroups from outgroups. How are ingroup members perceived differently from outgroup members?
Ingroups: Groups with which an individual feels a sense of membership, belonging, and identity.
Outgroups: Groups with which an individual does not feel a sense of membership, belonging, or identity.
We exaggerate the difference between our ingroup and other other outgroups, and this exaggeration of difference helps to form and reinforce stereotypes.
Another consequence is known as the “outgroup homogeneity effect” whereby perceivers assume that there is a greater similarity among members of outgroups than among members of one’s own group. In other words, there may be many and subtle difference among “us” but “they” are all alike.
Briefly describe the Robbers Cave study. What is the significance of the results of this study?
A small group of 11 year old boys arrived at a 200 acre camp. The boys spent time fishing, hiking, and doing activities and even forming a group name. They soon discovered they were not the only one’s in the camp and a tournament was formed between the two groups.
Almost overnight the groups turned on one another into hostile antagonists, and the rivalry escalated into a full scale war.
Researchers tried restoring peace by saying nice things about the other groups, but the propaganda wasn’t working, the two groups were brought together under noncompetitive circumstances, but that didn’t work either. Eventually, the groups were introduced to “superordinate goals”; mutual goals that could be achieved only through cooperation between the groups. By the end of the camp, the groups were so friendly they insisted on travelling together.
This study mimicked the kinds of conflicts that we see all over the world. When resources are scarce, competition and hostility ensue. However, if we introduce superordinate goals to the mix, oftentimes, people pull themselves together and act cooperatively.
Describe the realistic conflict theory. What role does relative deprivation play in fostering prejudice?
Realistic conflict theory: The theory that hostility between groups is caused by direct competition for limited resources.
As a simple matter of economics, one group may fare between in the struggle for land, jobs, or power than another group.
In addition, people may become resentful of other groups not because of their conviction that their own security or resources are threatened by these groups but because of their of relative deprivation, the beliefs that they fare poorly compared with others.
Realtive deprivation: Feelings of discontent aroused by the belief that one fares poorly compared to others.
Describe social identity theory. How does this theory account for ingroup favouritism?
Social identity theory: The theory that people favor ingroups over outgroups in order to enhance their self esteem.
Ingroup favoritism: The tendency to discriminate in favor of ingroups over outgroups.
Each of us strives to enhance our self esteem, which has two components (1) a personal identity and (2) various collective or social identities that are based on the groups to which we belong. In other words, people can boost their self esteem through the own personal achievements or through addiliation with successful groups.
What’s nice about the need for social identity is that it leads us to derive pride from our connections with others even if we don’t receive any direct benefits from these others. What’s sad, however, is that we often feel the need to belittle “them” in order to feel secure about “us.”
When and how do children first learn about their gender identity and about gender stereotypes?
Young children distingusih men from women well before their first birthday, often identifying themselves and others as boys or girls by 3 years of age; form gender stereotypic beliefs and preferences about stories, toys, and other objects soon after that, and then use their stereotypes in judging others and favoring their own gender in intergroup situations.
Biological and evolutionary theory states that being exposed to certain sex hormones from in utero experiences influence even toy preferences.
Children also learn about gender stereotypes from their parents and other role models.
Identify the sociocultural factors that help to strengthen and maintain gender and other stereotypes.
Social role theory: the theory that small gender differences are magnified in perception by the contrasting social roles occupied by men and women.
- The theory asserts that perceived difference between men and women are based on real behavioral differences that are mistakenly assumed to arise from gender difference rather than the unequal distribution of men and women into different social roles.
Stereoptype content model: The model proposing that the relative status and competition between groups influence group stereotypes along the dimensions of competence and warmth.
- Higher status is compared to higher competence.
- Stereotypes about the warmth of a group are influenced by perceived competition with the group; greater perceived competition is associated with lower warmth.
Media effects:
- There are certain media effects on groups as well. Many people succumb to beauty standards all over the world regarding unrealistic portrayals of models for example.
How do confirmation bias, self-fulfilling prophecy, attribution, and subtyping help to perpetuate stereotypes?
Confirmation bias:
The effect of stereotypes on individuals perceptions is a type of confirmation bias, which, involves people tendencies to interpret, seek, and create information that seems to confirm their expectations.
Stereotypes can be reinforced through the illusory correlation, a tendency for people to overestimate the link between variables that are only slightly or not at all correlated. One kind of illusory correlation occurs when people overestimate the associate between variables that are relatively rare. For example, if people read about violent crimes, most of which are committed by members of a majority group and some of which are committed by members a of particular minority group, they may overestimate the association between minority group status and violent crime.
Self fulfilling prophecy:
Stereotypes sometimes create self fulfilling prophecy, which is what occurs when a perceiver false expectations about a person cause the person to behave in ways that confirm those expectations. Stereotypes can trigger such behavioural confirmation,
Attribution:
People also maintain their stereotypes through how they make attribtuions, that is, how they explain the causes of other behaviors. Rather than accept a stereotype disconfirming behavior at face value, such as a woman defeating a man in an athletic contest, perceiver imagine the situations factors that might explain away this apparent exception to the rule - such a random luck, ulterior motives, and other special circumstances.
Subtyping:
If we encounter someone’s behavior that clearly contradicts our stereotypes and we can’t easily explain it away as due to some situational factors, we may unwittingly pull out another trick: We consider the action of the person a mere exception to the rule. E.g., Confronted with a woman who does not seem modest and nurturing, people can either develop a more diversified image of females or toss the mismatch into a special “subtype” like, say, “cuthtrough women” or “divas”.
Describe the contact hypothesis. List the conditions that intergroup contact must satisfy for prejudice to decrease.
Contact hyopthesis: The theory that diret contact between hostile groups will reduce intergroup prejudice under certain conditions.
- Equal status: The contact should occur in circumstances that give the two groups equal status.
- Personal interaction: The contact should involve one on one interactions among individual members of the two groups.
- Cooperative activities: Members of the two groups should join together in an effort to achieve superordinate goals.
- Social norms: The social norms, defined in part by relevant authorities, should favour intergroup contact.
Describe the jigsaw classroom and explain how it improves race relations.
Jigsaw classroom: Is a cooperative learning method used to reduce racial prejudice through interaction in group efforts.
Students were assigned to a small, racially and academically mixed group. The material to be learned within each groups was divided into subtopics, much the way a jigsaw puzzle is broken into pieces. Each student was responsible for learning one piece of the puzzle, after which all members took turns teaching their material to one another. In this system, regardless of race, ability, and self confidence - needs everyone else if the group as a whole is to succeed.
It actually improved children liking each other more, they liked school more, they were less prejudice, and had higher self esteem. Academic test scores improved for minority students and remained the same for the white students.
