Chapter 5 Flashcards
What was manifest destiny
It defines Americas right and duty to become a continental nation from sea to sea.
What powerful forces held back any urge for American expansionism in 1865
- sense of American exceptionalism
-the need to reconcile the nation after the civil war
-to stabilise relations with Mexico and Canada
-to bring order and stability to the west and to complete the territorial consolidation of the nation
What specific issues made Americans look inwards in 1865
-relations with Britain were complicated by tensions over the us Canada border and because interests in Britain had supported the confederacy during the civil war
-Spain was anxious to protect what was left of its colonial empire against us expansion
-conservative regimes such as the Austrian empire feared the dangerous democracy of the us
-Americans were hostile to interference in Mexico promoted by emperor napoleon 2nd of France
What led to American ideas of isolationism
-anti colonialism
-geographical isolation, the sense of safe separation from the world that was provided by two great oceans
-the vision of America as the land of free, a refuge from persecution.
What was the monroe doctrine
US foreign policy stating that any European power attempting to colonize or interfere in the political affairs of the Western Hemisphere would be considered a hostile act against the United States
How, early on was the Monroe doctrine demonstrated
The American response to the attempt of France and Austria to establish an empire in Mexico
What did William Sewards interventionist policy’s include
-he acquired naval bases in the Caribbean and the pacific islands
-negotiated a treaty with Colombia to build a canal across the isthmus of Panama
-aquiring Alaska in 1867
-acquisition of the Midway Islands
When was Alaska purchased
Alaska was purchased from Russia in 1867
What was the attempt to establish an empire in Mexico
In 1863, America were preoccupied with the civil war, emperor napoleon 3rd of France sent an army to occupy Mexico City. This enabled the archduke Maximilian of Austria. To accept the crown of Mexico
What was the end result of conflicts over Mexico
In the end neither American military power nor the mystique or the Monroe doctrine was required to crush Maximilian’s empire in Mexico. Napoleon lost intere st
What happened to archduke Maximilian as leader of Mexico
He soon found he had no popular support, he was an in effective leader. Mexico nationalists fought the guerilla war and mobilised Mexican opinion. He was executed by a firing squad at Queterao
What did the failure of the Mexican empire show
It was easy for William Seward to present this as a result of the Monroe doctrine, thus reinforcing its mythic importance
What did Hamilton do during his period of Secretary of State between 1869 and 1873
-attempted to establish a protectorate over the Dominican Republic
-1873 trade treaty with Hawaii
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When was Hawaii annexed
1890
What terriotires were Gained as a result of the Mexican war of 1846
New territories in California and the south west
When was the Louisiana purchase and who from
Acquired from France in 1803
When did Spain cede Florida
1818
In what period did the annexation of Texas take place
1830-1845
What was the impact of the Oregon trail
From the 1840s The Oregon trail enabled settlers to cross the Great Plains and start settlements in the pacific north west.
Why did Alaska become open for sale
-Russian American company was a drain on resources
-Russia feared the us might just take the territory anyway
-it made sense to gain some financial reward and strengthen relations with America
How much was Alaska purchased for
.
7,2 million
What was the reaction to the acquisition of Alaska
Was denounced by politicians as a follis and expensive mistake
How did attitudes change to the acquisition of Alaska
Attitudes changed as strong commercial links were established with west coast ports like Seattle and San Francisco. The economic potential of the region was now being recognised for: fish, furs, mining and logging, even before the Alaska-Yukon gold rush in the late 1890s
What outbreaks of conflict between native Americans and Americans were there during the civil war
Outbreaks started with a terrible massacre at sand creek in Colorado in 1864 and major conflicts continued until 1877
How many Native American conflicts were there in the year of 1871
101
What was the treaty of medicine lodge October 1867
-comprised of three treaties between the Indian peace commission set up by congress in 1867
-the treaty set new borders for Indian territory and was intended to ensure control over white encroachment into American lands
What was the treaty of fort Laramie
Established agreements with the Sioux nations after red clouds war of 1866-1868 to stop enroachment
It established the great Sioux reservation to the west of the Missouri River including exclusive Native American rights over the black hills region.
What was the intention of the treaty of fort laramie
Intended to protect native Americans from exploitation by settlers and from the corruption among goverment agents
What were the Quaker agents
Appointed by grant to ensure high ethical standards were upheld
When was the treaty between cochise and us army to end the apache wars; the red river war
1874
What issues did agents have
Agents were often unable to enforce their authority over white settlers
When was the black hills war; battle of Little Bighorn
1876
When was the nez Pearce war (the suppression of the Sioux and Cheyenne nations)
1877
When was the meeting of Indian chiefs with Carl schurz in Washington
1880
When was the start of the geronimos war
1881
When was the final surrender of gironimo and the end of the apache wars
1886
When was 2 million acres of land set aside for the Oklahoma land rush
1889
When was The Sioux ghost Dance rebellion crushed at wounded knee creek
1890
How was the willingness of goverment to accommodate settlers shown
1889 okolhoma land rush, 2 million acres of Native American land was granted available to land Hungry settlers marginalising Native Americans further
When was the border of us and Canada agreed
1842 and 1846
Making the demarcation line the 49th parallel
What three issues causes tension and raised possibility of American annexation of Canadian territory
The fenian raids
Red river colony
The western Canadian Province of British Columbia
What was the fenian brotherhood
An Irish American nationalist organisation established in 1858 to fight for an independent Irish republic.
What were the fenian raids
Between 1866 and 1871 there were five fenian raids into Canada b6 unofficial militias supporting the fenian brotherhood. First, the us goverment turned a blind eye to the raids because of ongoing disputes with Britain and Canada over the Alabama claims. Eventually us took action and arrested several ring leaders.
What was the result of the fenian raids
They aroused genuine fear of annexation
These fears pushed all the Canadian provinces to join together in a confederacy
When was the Canadian confederation established
Between 1867 and 1871
Why was the red river colony desireable
Ideal for settlement and development
How did Canadanian federation gain British Columbia
Promise of a railway
When was the us border said to have stopped changing
1890
What were the Alabama claims
During the civil war Britain ans Canada continued to simpathise and trade with the south.
The Alabama was a ship effective in breaking the northern blockade of southern exports
After the war us demanded compensation for damage done
Causes tensions until 1872
Why was British Columbia significant
The only thing blocking America and Alaska
