Chapter 3 Flashcards
Between 1860 and 1890 how many people immigratedto America
10millionm
What reasons were there for immigration into the us between 1860 and 1890
-there was empty land to be filled
-there were expanding industries In need of a labour force
-a willingness to welcome new immigrants (land of the free and Statue of Liberty defined this)
Where were a lot of the immigrants from
Germans, swedes, Irish and Scott’s
Where did immigrants settle in America
Early wave of Scandinavian and German immigrants mostly settled in rural areas. However Irish immigrants were more likely to settle in urban areas, such as New York, Boston and Chicago.
How did industrialisation and immigration affect immigration
More and more immigrants were sucked in to the expanding towns and cities.
Who else arrived in the us aside from Europeans
A lot of Chinese arrived in us employed in the construction of western sectors of the transcontinental railroads
What tensions were there between immigrants and Americans
Immigration created tensions and social divisions, new immigrant communities were often regarded with suspicion and hostility. They were seen as a threat to jobs or to existing social and cultural norms.
Who were nativists
People who’s parents had been born in the us and felt it necessary to protect American values against the alien ways bought in by immigrants
What opposition was there to Chinese immigration
There was a strong reaction against Chinese immigrants, newspapers and politicians campaiging against the yellow peril of Chinese immigration. The pressure pushed congress into passing the Chinese exclusion act of 1882
What was the Chinese exclusion act 1882
Excluded skilled or unskilled Chinese individuals from migrating. It prevented Chinese people already in the us from gaining citizenship and also made it hard for them to return if they visited china
When did Chinese immigrants first start coming into the us
1849 gold rush
How did Chinese People impact labour forces
They provided half the labour force for San fran
When was the Chinese exclusion act renewed
1892 and 1902
When was the Chinese exclusion act finally repealed
1943
What conference launched the feminist campaign
The Seneca falls convention in 1848, launched the first female feminist movement
What was the temperance movement
Campaigned for restrictions on alcohol and the fight to abolish slavery
What were the splits between feminists and when did they unite
There were tensions between conservative and radical women’s groups, the split lasted for 20 years until 1890 when they United to form the national American women’s suffrage association.
Who was Elizabeth cady Stanton
- leading figure in the fight for female suffrage (Seneca falls campaign)
-she campaigned for the abolition of slavery
-she didn’t support the 14th and 15th ammendment as she felt blacks should have same rights as women
-1890 she became president of the reunified NAWSA
-1892 she presented the argument for female suffrage to congress.
Who was Susan b Anthony
-she campaigned for women’s rights and abolition of slavery, was apart of temperance movement
-worked closely with Stanton founded American equal rights association in 1866.
-was arrested in 1872 for voting in the midterms.
-in 1878 she played a key role in proposing to congress a constitutional ammendment giving women the right to vote
What happened to the population in New York and Chicago
-population doubled in New York
- population went from 100,000 to a million in New York.
What caused increases population in the north and east
-industrialisation
-urbanisation
-railroads
What happened in the great railroad strike of 1877
Railroad strike of July 1877
-began at Martinsburg in West Virginia, with workers fighting wage cuts by the Baltimore and Ohio railroad.
-unrest spread to Maryland where there was street fights between workers and troops of the national guard.
-strikes then broke out in pensylvania with violent clashes in Philadelphia and Pittsburgh
What happened when the riots spread to Philadelphia and Pittsburgh
The union rail depot was set on fire and more than 40 people were killed by militiamen
How did president hayes respond to the 1877 railroad strike
Sent serveral thousand troops to restore order
What did powerful Irish gangs do in Chicago
Terrorised immigrant groups who arrived such as Italians Jews and poles
What were the orange riots
On 12th July 1870 eight people were killed when a march through New York by orange men (Irish Protestants) as heckled by Irish Catholics. The next parade in 1871 resulted in major rioting and resulted in the death of 60 civilians
What were scalawags
Southerners who helped northerners
How were the treaty’s with Indians undermined
Events such as gold prospectors who poured into the black hills of the Dakota from 1874, breaking the 1868 treaty of fort lamine
What happened to towns in the west
Mining towns such as Virginia city had sudden booms and then were deserted when the
Prospectors and speculators found mineral riches elsewhere
What divisions were there in the south
Small farmers and banks, railroads and land companies and between rival towns and rival businessesman
What was the biggest division in the west
White settlers and Native Americans
How had life changed for native Americans by 1890
There way of life had completely gone, open land was fenced, tribal lands were handed out to setllers, and native Americans were now confined to small uneconomic areas.
What other groups were discriminated against in the rush to exploit the west
The small farmers who represented the ideal image of pioneers.
What happened to small farmers in the race to exploit the west
-settlers were pushed aside by big agriculture ranching and mining
-they often struggled for economic survival running into debt
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What caused the establishment of organisations in the late 1880s to represent independent farmers
Farmers were In desperate need of credit to buy seeds fertiliser and equipment
What was the granger movement
First formed in 1867 as a cooperative movement to help farmers with loans, advice and solidarity. They were especially hostile to railroads
How did farmers have a pollitical affect by 1890
By 1890 farmers grievance was a significant pollitical force attacking big buisness and demanding low tarrifs and currency reform
When did the granger movement peak
1880
When and where was the alliance movement formed
Began in Texas in 1870
How did the alliance movement differ to the granger movement
The alliance movement took a more openly pollitical approach than the granger movement and put up candidates in elections
What was a sharecropper
An agricultural labourer who worked land as a tenant farmer but was subject to discrimination, in return the landowner recieved a share of what the labourer produced.
What did the removal of troops from the south have r
Laws to protect aas rights were not enforced
What advances were there for African Americans after the era of reconstruction
-many moved away from their previous home districts.
-they chose new surnames and insisted on being called Mrs or mr
-they excersies their right to marry set up churches and small buisnesses
How was education improved for AAs
Wealthy philanthropists donated money to open up schools and universities
-between 1866 and 1868 there universities specifically for AAs were set up such as:
Fisk university, Howard university and Hampton institute.
-thousands of public schools were opened
How was education improvement limited for AAs
It was estimated that more than half of AAs in the south were illiterate in 1890
