CHAPTER 5 Flashcards
Who proposed the sociobiological evolutionary perspective?
E. O. Wilson
(1975)
What is the full name of E.O. Wilson?
Edward
Osborne Wilson
He is an American biologist recognized as the world’s leading authority on ants.
Edward
Osborne Wilson
What is the study of the genetic basis of the social behaviour of all animals? including humans.
sociobiology
It is the view of human development that focuses on evolutionary and biological bases of behavior.
Evolutionary/sociobiological Perspective
According to him, species have developed through the related processes of survival of the fittest and natural selection
Darwin
Individuals with ______ ______ fitted (better adapted) to their environments survive and reproduce more than those that are less fitted (less well adapted).
heritable traits
E. O. Wilson defined this as “the extension of population biology and evolutionary theory organization”
sociobiology
It is the process by which sperm and ovum—the male and female gametes, or sex cells—combine to create a single cell called a zygote, which then duplicates itself again and again by cell division to produce all the cells that make up a baby.
Fertilization, or conception
What is a zygote?
Fertilized egg cell or ovum
In humans, the conception process begins with ______, when an ovum, or egg (the largest cell in the human body), which has been stored in one of the mother’s two ovaries, matures and is released into the fallopian tube.
ovulation
Within several hours of conception, half of this from the
egg and half of this from the sperm fuse together, creating a zygote—a fertilized ovum.
23 chromosomes
Once the zygote attaches to the wall of
the uterus, it is known as the?
embryo
During the embryonic phase, which will last for the next six
weeks, the _____ internal and external organs are formed, each beginning at the microscopic level, with only a few cells
major
This is the fluid-filled reservoir in which the embryo (soon
to be known as a fetus) will live until birth, and which acts as both a cushion against outside pressure and as a temperature regulator.
amniotic sac
It is an organ that allows the exchange of nutrients
between the embryo and the mother, while at the same time filtering out harmful material.
The placenta
This inks the embryo directly to the placenta and transfers all material to the fetus.
The umbilical cord
This protects the fetus from many foreign agents in the mother’s system that otherwise pose a threat.
placenta and the umbilical cord
Beginning in the ____ ______ after conception, the embryo becomes a fetus.
ninth week
The fetus begins to take on many of the characteristics of a human being, including moving (by the _____ ______, the fetus is able to curl and open its fingers, form fists, and wiggle its toes), sleeping, as well as early forms of swallowing and breathing.
third month
The fetus begins to develop its senses, becoming able to
______________________________. Research has found that the fetus even develops some initial preferences.
distinguish tastes and respond to sounds
Body cells of women and men contain __ _____ of chromosomes, which carry the genes.
23 pairs
basic units of inheritance.
Genes
Each sex cell (ovum and sperm) has only 23 single chromosomes because of a special kind of cell division
meiosis
It is a type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that reduces the number of chromosomes in gametes
Meiosis
This refers to the biological/genetic predispositions that impact one’s human traits—physical, emotional, and intellectual.
“nature”
describes the influence of learning and other “environmental” factors on these traits.
Nurture
a liability or tendency to suffer from a
particular condition, hold a particular
attitude, or act in a particular way.
Predispositions
One approach to the study of heredity and environment is
______: it seeks to measure how much heredity and environment influence traits. This is the traditional goal of the science of behavioral genetics.
quantitative
Studying Cognitive Development: Six Approaches
behaviorist approach
psychometric approach
Piagetian approach
information-processing approach
cognitive neuroscience approach
The social-contextual approach
Studying Cognitive Development: Six Approaches
This studies the basic mechanics of learning. Behaviorists
are concerned with how behavior changes in experience
behaviorist approach
Studying Cognitive Development: Six Approaches
It measures quantitative differences in abilities that make up intelligence by using tests that indicate or predict these abilities.
psychometric approach
Studying Cognitive Development: Six Approaches
It looks at changes, or stages, in the quality of cognitive functioning. It is concerned with how the mind structures its activities and adapts to the environment.
Piagetian approach
Studying Cognitive Development: Six Approaches
focuses on perception, learning, memory, and problem solving. It aims to discover how children process information from the time they encounter it until they use it.
information-processing approach
Studying Cognitive Development: Six Approaches
approach seeks to identify what brain structures are involved in specific aspects of cognition.
cognitive neuroscience
Studying Cognitive Development: Six Approaches
examines the effects of environmental aspects of the learning process, particularly the role of parents and other caregivers.
The social-contextual approach
Babies are born with the ability to see, hear, smell, taste, and touch, and they have some ability to remember what they learn. Learning theorists are interested in ________ of learning.
mechanisms
This enables infants to anticipate an event before it happens.
Classical conditioning
This focuses on the consequences of behaviors and how they affect the likelihood of that
behavior occurring again
operant conditioning
He argued that infants learned to associate self and other through mirror play and tactile exploration of their own and others’ faces.
Piaget
The preparatory stage, also referred to as the _____ stage, is a phase in which children copy or imitate the behaviors of others as a way of learning. This stage occurs up until about age three.
Imitation
According to him, they can only
imitate basic gestures and words.
Mead
Which theorist talks about
imitation?
Albert Bandura’s social learning
theory (SLT)
This theory by Albert Bandura suggests that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating the behavior of others.
social learning
theory (SLT)
(key development of the sensory
motor stage)
An example of this is hiding a toy under a blanket, and an infant knows the toy is present under the blanket by finding it.
This indicates that the infant remembered the toy when it was out of sight and was able to find it.
object permanence
(key development of the sensory
motor stage)
This is when a child uses objects to stand in for other
objects.
Example: Speaking into a banana as if it were a phone or
Turning an empty cereal bowl into the steering wheel of a spaceship are examples of symbolic play. Like all kinds of play, symbolic play is important to development, academically and socially.
Symbolic development
(key development of the sensory
motor stage)
example of this is By preschool age (and often earlier), children can categorize based on shape, color, texture, number, gender, facial features, and speech
CATEGORIZATION
(key development of the sensory
motor stage)
This is a key concept for human thought and action. The world around us appears as a coherent flow of events, each event caused by others, which in turn have causes, and so on.
CAUSALIZATION: PERCEPTUAL
It is the earliest in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development.
He described this period as a time of tremendous growth and change.
Sensorimotor stage
Overview of the Sensorimotor Stage
sensorimotor stage is the period of
development from?
birth through age two.
*In other words, infants and young children experience the world and gain knowledge through their ______ and ____ movements. Through trial and error, children discover more about the world around them.
senses, motor
Piaget chose to call this stage that because it is through the senses and motor abilities that infants gain a basic understanding the world around them.
‘sensorimotor’ stage
six separate substages that are characterized by the development of a new skill:
During this substage, the child understands the environment purely through inborn reflexes such as sucking and looking.
Reflexes (0-1 month)
six separate substages that are characterized by the development of a new skill:
This substage involves coordinating sensation and new schemas. For example, a child may suck his or her thumb by accident and then later intentionally repeat the action. These actions are repeated because the infant finds them pleasurable.
Primary Circular Reactions
(1-4 months)
six separate substages that are characterized by the development of a new skill:
These are categories of knowledge that help us to interpret and understand the world. In Piaget’s view, this includes both a category of knowledge and the process of obtaining that knowledge. As experiences happen, this new information is used to modify, add to, or change previously
existing ___.
Schema
six separate substages that are characterized by the development of a new skill:
During this substage, the. A child becomes more focused on the world and begins to intentionally repeat an action in order to trigger a response in the environment
- For example, a child will purposefully pick up a toy in order to put it in his or her mouth.
Secondary Circular Reactions (4-8 months)
six separate substages that are characterized by the development of a new skill:
During this substage, the child starts to show clearly intentional actions.
- The child may also combine schemas in order to achieve the desired effect.
- Children begin exploring the environment around them and will often imitate the observed behavior of others.
Coordination of Reactions
(8-12 months)
six separate substages that are characterized by the development of a new skill:
Children begin a period of trialand error experimentation during the fifth substage. - For example, a child may try out different sounds or actions as a way of getting attention from a caregiver.
Tertiary Circular Reactions (12-18 months)
six separate substages that are characterized by the development of a new skill:
Children begin to develop symbols to represent events or objects in the world in the final sensorimotor substage.
- During this time, children begin to move towards understanding the world through mental operations rather than purely through actions.
Early Representational Thought (18-24 months)
Sensorimotor stage
Birth to 2 years
Preoperational stage
Ages 2 to 7
Concrete operational stage
Ages 7 to 11
Formal operational stage
Ages 12 and up
