CHAPTER 2.1 Flashcards
Two important learning theories are
behaviorism and social learning theory.
The learning perspective maintains that development results from learning, a long-lasting change in behavior based on experiences or adaptation to the environment.
PERSPECTIVE 2: LEARNING
is a mechanistic theory that describes observed behavior as a predictable response to experience.
Behaviorism
Behaviorists consider development as ______ ___ _____.
REACTIVE AND CONTINUES
Behavioral research focuses on
associative learning
Two kinds of associative learning
- classical conditioning and
- operant conditioning
is a learning procedure that happens through the relationship between an environmental A stimulus and a normally happening stimulus
Classical conditioning
He was was keen on contemplating how processing functions in animals.
Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)
is a type of unconscious or automatic learning. This learning process creates a conditioned response through associations between an unconditioned stimulus and a neutral stimulus.
Classical conditioning
It assumes that all learning occurs through interactions with the environment, and that environment shapes behavior.
Behaviorism
Classical conditioning-also sometimes referred to as_______ -uses a few different terms to help explain the learning process.
Pavlovian conditioning
is a stimulus or trigger that leads to an automatic response. If a cold breeze makes you shiver, for instance, the cold breeze is an unconditioned stimulus; it produces an involuntary response (the shivering).
unconditioned stimulus
stimulus is a stimulus that doesn’t initially trigger a response on its own.
neutral stimulus
is a stimulus that was once neutral (didn’t trigger a response) but now leads to a response. If you previously didn’t pay attention to dogs, but then got bit by one, and now you feel fear every time you see a dog, the dog has become a conditioned stimulus.
conditioned stimulus
is an automatic response or a response that occurs without thought when an unconditioned stimulus is present. If you smell your favorite food and your mouth starts watering, the watering is an unconditioned response.
unconditioned response
is a learned response or a response that is created where no response existed before.
conditioned response
refers to learned behaviors that occur when a neutral stimulus is associated with a learned response.
Classical conditioning
Principles of Classical conditioning
- Acquisition
- Extinction
- Spontaneous Recovery
- Stimulus Generalization
- Discrimination
Principles of Classical conditioning: _____ is the initial stage of learning, when a response is first established and gradually strengthened.
During this phase of classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus
Acquisition
Principles of Classical conditioning: ______is when the occurrences of a conditioned response decrease or disappear.
In classical conditioning, this happens when a conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
Extinction
Principles of Classical conditioning: Sometimes a learned response can suddenly reemerge, even after a
period of extinction. This is called a?
Spontaneous Recovery
Principles of Classical conditioning: Stimulus ___________ is the tendency for a conditioned stimulus to evoke similar responses after the response has been conditioned
Generalization
Principles of Classical conditioning: ____is the ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that have not been paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
Discrimination
Example of Classical Conditioning
Fear Response
His experiment with little Albert is an example of the fear response.
The child initially showed no fear of a white rat, but after the rat was paired repeatedly with loud, scary sounds, the child began to cry when the rat was present.
Prior to the conditioning, the white rat was a neutral stimulus. The unconditioned stimulus was the loud, clanging sound, and the unconditioned response was the fear response created by the noise.
John B. Watson’s
who originally developed the “Law of Effect” in 1898
Edward Thorndike
the concept that a behavior is more likely to be repeated if it’s associated with a sense of A satisfaction.
Law of Effect by Edward Thorndike
He expanded upon Thorndike’s theory. He coined the term “operant conditioning” and wrote about it in his book “Schedules of Reinforcement,” which he co- authored with psychologist Charles B. Ferster.
behaviorist Burrhus Frederic Skinner (B.F. Skinner)
is based on a stimuli and response model,
Classical conditioning
involves a behavior and consequence.
operant conditioning
______also known as instrumental conditioning or Skinnerian conditioning, is a learning theory in behavioral psychology. It can be used to increase or decrease the frequency of A certain behaviors through the introduction of consequences.
Operant conditioning
principle of operant conditioning can be used to _____
shaped behavior
Angel lies in his crib. When he starts to babble (“ma-ma-ma”), his mother smiles and repeats the syllables. Angel leans that his behavior (babbling) can produce a desirable consequence (loving attention from a parent); and so, he keeps babbling to attract his mother’s attention.
An originally accidental behavior (babbling) has become a conditioned response.
Operant Conditioning
Operant conditioning explains how people and animals develop learned responses through the repetition of reinforcements and punishments
OPERANT CONDITIONING
What reinforcement when something pleasant or rewarding is given after a specific behavior.
Positive reinforcement
What reinforcement when an attempt to Increase a specific behavior by removing something that is negative when the
Negative reinforcement
applying something aversive after a specific behavior to decrease the frequency of that behavior.
Punishment-
