Chapter 5 Flashcards
which forms the posterior part of the shoulder girdle, is a flat triangular bone with three borders, three angles, and two surfaces.
The scapula
Scapula has 3 bones to it
Medial border
Superior border
Lateral border
which is the long edge or border near the vertebrae;
Medial border
the uppermost margin of the scapula;
superior border,
or the border nearest the axilla
lateral (axillary border,
The three corners of the triangular scapula are called
angles
, sometimes called the head of the scapula, is the thickest part and ends laterally in a shallow depression called the glenoid cavity (fossa).
The lateral angle
The humeral head articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the __, also known as the __
scapulohumeral (skap*-u-lo-hu-mer-al) joint
glenohumeral joint, or shoulder joint.
The constricted area between the head and the body of the scapula is the.
neck
What angles refer to the upper and lower ends of the medial or vertebral border.
The superior and inferior
The body (blade) of the scapula is arched for
greater strength.
The thin, flat, lower part of the body sometimes is referred to as the __ or ala of the scapula, although these are not preferred anatomic terms.
wing
The anterior surface of the scapula is termed the __ because of its proximity to the ribs
costal (kos-tal) surface
The middle area of the costal surface presents a large con-cavity or depression, known as the
subscapular fossa.
is a long, curved process that extends laterally over the head of the humerus.
The acromion
is a thick, beaklike process that projects anteriorly beneath the clavicle.
coracoid process
is a notch on the superior border that is partially formed by the base of the coracoid process.
The suprascapular notch
shows a prominent structure on the dorsal, or posterior, surface of the scapula, called the.
spine of scapula
The posterior border or ridge of the spine of the scapula is thickened and is termed the __ of the spine.
crest
The spine of the scapula separates the posterior surface into an
infraspinous ) fossa and a supra-spinous fossa.
AP projection of the scapula taken with the __ so as not to superimpose the scapula.
arm abducted
posteroanterior (PA) oblique-scapular Y lateral projection of the scapula was taken with the patient in an
anterior oblique position and with the upper body rotated until the scapula is separated from the rib cage in a true end-on or lateral projection.
Inferosuperior Axíal Projection This projection results in a lateral view of the
head and neck of the humerus.
tip of the coracoid process, which is located anterior to the shoulder joint and would be seen
supe-riorly with the patient lying on her back
which is the articulating surface of the lateral angle or head of the scapula.
glenoid cavity,
Three joints or articulations are involved in the shoulder girdle:
sternoclavicular joint, acromioclavicular joint, and scapulo-humeral joint
The three shoulder girdle joints (articulations) classified as
synovial joints
The mobility type of all three shoulder girdle joints
these joints is freely movable, or diarthrodial.
What shoulder joint involves articulation between the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula.
The scapulohumeral (glenohumeral)
scapulohumeral (glenohumeral) or shoulder joints movement type is a
ball-and-socket (spheroidal) joint, which allows great freedom of movement.
scapulohumeral (glenohumeral) or shoulder joint movements include
include flexion, extension, abduction, adduc-tion, circumduction, and medial (internal) and lateral (external) rotation.
is shallow, allowing the greatest freedom in mobility of any joint in the human body but at some expense to its strength and stability.
glenoid cavity
The shoulder girdle also includes two joints involving both ends of the clavicle, called the
sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints.
sternoclavicular joint is a __, joint because the sternal end of the clavicle articulates with the manu-brium or upper portion of the sternum and the cartilage of the first rib.
double plane, or gliding
The acromioclavicular joint is also a __, movement type between the acromial end of the clavicle and the medial aspect of the acromion of the scapula.
small synovial joint of the plane, or gliding
acromioclavicular joint has 2 movement types
The primary movement is a gliding action between the end of the clavicle and the acromion.
Some secondary rotary movement also occurs as the scapula moves forward and backward with the clavicle. This movement allows the scapula to adjust its position as it remains in close contact with the posterior chest wall.
Rotational views of the proximal humerus or shoulder girdle, these AP rotational projections delineate well the
scapulohumeral joint (shoulder joint), revealing possible calcium deposits or other pathology
The external rotation position of the humerus represents a
true AP projection of the humerus in the anatomic position, as determined by the epi-condyles of the distal humerus.
is a disability of the shoulder joint that is caused by chronic inflammation in and around the joint. It is characterized by pain and limitation of motion. (Idiopathic means of unknown cause.)
Idiopathic chronic adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder)
is a disability of the shoulder joint that is caused by chronic inflammation in and around the joint. It is characterized by pain and limitation of motion. (Idiopathic means of unknown cause.)
Idiopathic chronic adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder)
is impingement of the greater tuberosity and soft tissues on the coracoacromial ligamentous and osseous arch, generally during abduction of the arm.
Impingement syndrome
is a noninflammatory joint disease characterized by gradual deterioration of the articular cartilage with hypertrophic bone formation.
DJD is the most common type of arthritis and is considered part of the normal aging process. It generally occurs in persons older than 50 years, chronically bariatric persons, and
Osteoarthritis also called degenerative joint disease (DJD),
occurs in postmenopausal women and elderly men, resulting in bony trabeculae that are scanty and thin. Most fractures sustained by women older than 50 years are related to.
Osteoporosis
is a chronic systemic disease characterized by inflammatory changes that occur throughout the connective tissues of the body. The inflammation begins in synovial membranes and can later involve the articular cartilage and bony cortex. occurs more frequently in women than men. Radiographic evidence includes loss of joint space, destruction of cortical bone, and bony
Rheumatoid (ru-ma-toyd) arthritis (RA)
is an acute or a chronic traumatic injury to one or more of the rotator cuff muscles: teres minor, supraspi-natus, infraspinatus, and subscapularis. Rotator cuff injuries limit the range of motion of the shoulder. The most common injury is impingement of the supraspinatus tendon as it passes beneath the acromion, caused by a subacromial bone spur. Repeated irritation associated with the bone spur can lead to a partial or complete tear of the supraspinatus tendon, as evident on MRI and sonographic examination of the
Rotator cuff pathology
is traumatic removal of the humeral head from the glenoid cavity. 95% are ante-rior, in which the humeral head is projected anterior to the glenoid
Shoulder dislocation
is an inflammatory condition of the tendon that usually results from a strain.
Tendonitis (ten-de-ni-tis
With bariatric patients, alternative palpation points ___should be used for shoulder projections instead of the coracoid process.
the jugular notch and AC joint)
If you choose to use the AC joint to identify the shoulder joint, go
2 inches (5 cm) inferior to the AC joint and ½ inch (1.25 cm) medial to locate the scapulohumeral joint.
Specific guidelines should be followed when digital imaging systems are used for imaging the humerus and shoulder girdle.
- Collimation field size:
- Accurate centering
- Exposure factors
- Postprocessing evaluation of exposure indicator:
sometimes is used to image soft tissue pathologies such as rotator cuff tears associated with the shoulder girdle.
Arthrography
refers to trauma to the upper shoulder region resulting in a partial or complete tear of the AC or coracoclavicu-lar (CC) ligament or both ligaments.
AC joint separation
__ joint injuries represent nearly half of all athletic shoulder injuries, often resulting from a fall onto the tip of the shoulder with the arm in addiction
AC
refers to an injury in which the distal clavicle is usually displaced superiorly. This injury most commonly is caused by a fall and is more common in children than adults.?
Acromioclavicular dislocation
is an injury of the anteroinferior aspect of the glenoid labrum. This type of injury is often caused by anterior dislocation of the proximal humerus. Repeated dislocation may result in a small avulsion fracture in the anteroinferior region of the glenoid rim.
Bankart lesion
is an inflammation of the bursae, or fluid-filled sacs enclosing the joints. The shoulder is the most common joint to develop bursitis, with repetitive motion being the most common cause. However, trauma, rheumatoid arthritis, and infection can also produce bursitis? It generally involves the formation of calcification in associated tendons, causing pain and limitation of joint movement.
Bursitis (ber-sy-tis)
is a compression fracture of the articular surface of the posterolateral aspect of the humeral head that is often associated with an anterior dislocation of the humeral head.
Hill-Sachs defect
The shoulder girdle consists of
Proximal humerus, scapula, clavicle
Three aspects of the clavicle
Sternal extremity, body, acromial
Movement for scapulohumeral
Ball and socket
Subacromial spurs
Impingement syndrome
Fluid filled joint space
Bursitis
Thin bony cortex
Osteoporosis
Abnormal widening of acromioclavicular joint space
acromioclavicular joint separation
Narrowing of joint space
Osteoarthritis
Closed joint space
Rheumatoid arthritis
Compression fracture of humeral head
Hill sacks defect
Projections to show hill sachs
Inferosuperior axial Lawrence method and rotation of affected arm externally 45 degrees
The _ projection of the shoulder produces an image of the glenoid process in profile. This projection is also referred to as the _ method
Anterior oblique and grashey method
Which of the following projections is best for demonstrating a possible dislocation of the proximal humerus?
Posterior oblique scapular Y projection
Which of the following projections produces a tangential projection of the intertubercular sulcus (groove)?
A. Fisk modification
C. Hobbs modification
B. Grashey method
D. Lawrence method
A
