Chapter 1 Flashcards
Radiograph (ra-de-o-graf):
An image of a patient’s ana-tomic parts), as produced by the action of x-rays on an image receptor
Radiography (ra-de-og-rah-fe):
The process and procedures of producing a radiograph.
Image receptor (IR):
The device that responds to the ionizing radiation to create the radiographic image after it exits the patient; refers to both analog (film-based) cassettes and digital acquisition devices.
Central ray (CR):
Refers to the centermost portion of the x-ray beam emitted from the x-ray tube-the portion of the x-ray beam that has the least divergence.
1.41). A radiographic examination involves five general functions:
- Positioning of body part and alignment with the IR and CR
- Application of radiation protection measures and devices
- Selection of exposure factors (radiographic technique)
- Instructions to the patient related to respiration (breathing) and initiation of the x-ray exposure
- Processing of the IR (analog) [chemical processing] or digital processing systems
The anatomic position is an
upright position with arms abducted slightly (down), hands by sides with palms forward, and head and feet together and directed straight ahead
Four common planes used in medical imaging are the
sagittal plane, coronal plane, horizontal (axial) plane, and oblique plane.
sagittal (saj-i-tal) plane is any
longitudinal plane that divides the body into right and left parts.
coronal (ko-ro-nal) plane is any
longitudinal plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.
The midcoronal plane divides the body into
approximately equal anterior and posterior parts.
A horizontal (axial) plane is any
transverse plane that passes through the body at right angles to a longitudinal plane, dividing the body into superior and inferior portions.
An oblique plane is a
longitudinal or transverse plane that is at an angle or slant and is not parallel to the sagittal, coronal, or horizontal plane.
Longitudinal sections or images may be taken in the
sagittal, coronal, or oblique plane.
Transverse or Axial Sections (Cross-Sections) are
at right angles along any point of the longitu-
The precise transverse plane of Frankfort horizontal or base plane of skull is formed by connecting the lines from the
infraorbital margins (inferior edge of bony orbits) to the superior margin of the external auditory meatus (EAM), the external opening of the ear.
to measure and locate specific cranial points or structures.
Frankfort horizontal
What horizontal plane is formed by the biting surfaces of the upper and lower teeth with jaws closed (used as a reference plane of the head for cervical spine and skull radiography).
Occlusal plane
refers to the back half of the patient, or the part of the body seen when the person is viewed from the back; includes the bottoms of the feet and the backs of the hands
Posterior (pos-te-re-or) or dorsal (dor-sal)
refers to the front half of the patient, or the part seen when viewed from the front; includes the tops of the feet and the fronts or palms of the hands in the anatomic position.
Anterior (an-te-re-or) or ventral (ven-tral
refers to the sole or posterior surface of the foot.
Plantar (plan-tar)
refers to the top or anterior surface of the foot (dorsum pedis).
Dorsal (dor-sal)
also refers to the back or posterior aspect of the hand (dorsum manus)
Dorsal
refers to the palm of the hand; in the anatomic position, the same as the anterior or ventral surface of the hand.’
Palmar (pal-mar)
is a positioning term that describes the direction or path of the CR of the x-ray beam as it passes through the patient,
Projection
Posteroanterior (pos’-ter-o-an-te-re-or) (PA) projection refers to a projection of the CR from
posterior to anterior.
The CR enters at the posterior surface and exits at the anterior surface
(PA projection)
This projection assumes a true PA without intentional rotation, which requires the CR to be perpendicular to the __ plane and parallel to the __,
perpendicular to the coronal body plane and parallel to the sagittal plane,
Anteroposterior (an-ter-o-pos-te-re-or) (AP) projection refers to a projection of the CR from
anterior to posterior,
Anteroposterior describes the direction of travel of the CR, which enters at an _ and exits at a _(AP projection)
which enters at an anterior surface and exits at a posterior surface (AP projection)
The term assumes a true AP without rotation unless a qualifier term also is used, indicating it to be an __ projection.
oblique
__ ankle projection, the CR enters the medial aspect and exits the lateral aspect of the ankle.
mediolateral
position is used in two ways, first as __ and second as __
general body positions, as described next, and second as specific body positions,
Lying on back, facing upward
Supine (soo-pine):
Lying on abdomen, facing downward (head turned
Prone (prohn
An upright position, to stand or sit up
Erect (e-reckt) (upright):
Lying down in any position (prone, supine, or on side)
Recumbent (re-kum-bent) (reclining):
Lying on back (supine)
Dorsal recumbent:
Lying face down (prone)
Ventral recumbent:
: Lying on side (right or left lateral)
Lateral recumbent
A recumbent position with the body tilted with the head lower than the feet
Trendelenburg® (tren-del-en-berg) position:
A recumbent position with the body tilted with the head higher than the feet
Reverse Trendelenburg position:
A recumbent oblique position with the patient lying on the left anterior side, with the right knee and thigh flexed and the left arm extended down behind the back
Left lateral recumbent position for enema tip insertion (semiprone position):
A recumbent (supine) position with knees and hip flexed and thighs abducted and rotated externally, supported by ankle supports
Lithotomy (i-thot-o-me) position:
refers to the side of, or a side view.
Lateral (lat-er-al) position
Specific lateral positions are described by the side of the body
closest to the IR or the body part from which the CR exits
right lateral position is shown with the right side of the body
closest to the IR in the erect position
refers to an angled position in which neither the sagittal nor the coronal body plane is perpendicular or at a right angle to the IR.
Oblique (ob-lek, or ob-lik)’ (oh bleek, or oh blike’) position
Oblique body positions of the thorax, abdomen, or pelvis are described by the side of the body
closest to the IR or the body part from which the CR exits.
LPO and RPO describe the specific oblique positions in which the left or right posterior aspect of the body is
closest to the IR
Obliques of upper and lower limbs are described correctly as
AP and PA oblique but require the use of either __ as a qualifier
medial or lateral rotation
RAO and LAO refer to oblique positions in which the right or left anterior aspect of the body is
closest to the IR and can be erect or recumbent general body positions.
The word _ literally means to lie down, or the position assumed in lying down. Could be on side
decubitus (de-ku bi-tus)
This body position, meaning to lie on a horizontal surface, is designated according to the surface on which the body is resting.
This term describes a patient who is lying on one of the following body surfaces: back (dorsal), front (ventral, or side (right or left lateral).
Decub position
In radiographic positioning, decubitus is always performed with the CR
horizontal
Decubitus positions are essential for detecting
air-fluid levels or free air in a body cavity such as the chest or abdomen, where the air rises to the uppermost part of the body cavity.
the patient is lying on the dorsal (posterior) surface with the x-ray beam directed horizontally, exiting from the side closest to the IR
Decubitus Position-Left or Right Lateral
In this position,
Dorsal Decubitus Position-Left or Right Lateral is named according to the surface on which the patient is lying
(dorsal or ventral) and by the side closest to the IR (right or left).
In this position, the patient is lying on the ventral (anterior) surface with the x-ray beam directed horizontally, exiting from the side closest to the IR
Ventral Decubitus Position-Right or Left Lateral
refers to the long axis of a structure or part (around which a rotating body turns or is arranged).
Axial (ak-se-al)
In radiographic positioning, the term axial is used to describe any angle of the CR of 10° or more along the long axis of the body or body part.7
Special application-AP or PA axial:
The __ projection, such as a special nasal bone projection is a projection in which the central ray enters the anatomy from a superior and exits the inferior direction
The supero-inferior
The __ projection, such as a special nasal bone projection is a projection in which the central ray enters the anatomy from a superior and exits the inferior direction
The supero-inferior
means touching a curve or surface at only one point.
Tangential (ta-jen-shal)
This is a special use of the term projection to describe the CR that skims a body part to project the anatomy into profile and free of superimposition of surrounding body structures.
Tangential (ta-jen-shal)
This is a lateral projection through the thorax. shoulder is closest to the IR and is being examined (Fig. 1.79).
Transthoracic Lateral Projection (Right Lateral Position)
describes the path of the CR from the dorsal (anterior) surface to the plantar (posterior) surface of the foot
Dorsoplantar (DP)
A special plantodorsal projection of the heel bone (calcaneus) is called an __ because the angled CR enters the plantar surface of the foot and exits the dorsal surface
axial plantodorsal projection (PD)
The CR enters at the cranial parietal bone and exits at the acan-thion (junction of nose and upper lip) for the __ (Fig. 1.82).
parietoacanthial projection
The CR enters at the cranial parietal bone and exits at the acan-thion (junction of nose and upper lip) for the parietoacanthial projection.
The opposite CR direction would describe the acanthioparietal projection
These are also known as
PA Waters and AP Reverse Waters
The CR enters below the chin, or mentum, and exits at the vertex or top of the skull for the
submentovertical (SMV) projection
The less common, opposite projection of this would be the __ projection, entering at the top of the skull and exiting below the mandible (not shown).
verticosubmental (VSM)
refers to toward versus away from the center, or median plane.
Medial (me’-de-al) versus lateral
In the anatomic position, the medial aspect of any body part is the __to the median plane, and the lateral part is __ the center
“inside” part closest
away from
__is near the source or beginning, and __ is away from.
Proximal (prok-si-mal)
distal (dis’-tal)
means toward the head end of the body;
Cephalad (sef-ah-lad)
means away from the head end of the body.
caudad (kaw-dad)
A __ is any angle toward the head end of the body
cephalad angle—(Fig. 1.86; also see Fig. 1.88). (Cephalad, or cephalic, literally means “head” or “toward the head.”)
A __ is any angle toward the feet or away from the head end (Fig. 1.87).
caudad angle—(Caudad or caudal comes from cauda, literally meaning “tail.”)
__ is inside of something, nearer to the center, and __ is situated on or near the outside.
Interior
exterior
is nearer the skin surface; deep is farther away.
Superficial
__ is on the same side of the body or part; is on the opposite side.
Ipsilateral (ip-si-lat-er-al) contralateral (kon*-trah-lat-er-al)
decreases the angle of the joint
Flexion
increases the angle as the body part moves from a flexed to a straightened position.
Extension
is extending a joint beyond the straight or neutral position.
Hyperextension
literally means “to turn aside” or “to turn away from the
standard or course.”
Deviation
__) is to turn or bend the hand and wrist from the natural position toward the ulnar side, and radial deviation __ is toward the radial side of the wrist.
Ulnar deviation
radial deviation
is an outward stress movement of the foot at the ankle joint (Fig. 1.95).
Eversion (e-ver-zhun)
is inward stress movement of the foot as applied to the foot without rotation of the leg (Fig. 1.96).
Inversion (in-ver-zhun)
describes an abnormal position in which a part or limb is forced outward from the midline of the body.
Valgus (val-gus)
Valgus sometimes is used to describe
eversion stress of the ankle joint.
describes an abnormal position in which a part or limb is forced inward toward the midline of the body.
Varus (va-rus)
The term varus stress sometimes is used to describe __ applied at the ankle joint.
inversion stress
rotation is a rotation or turning of a body part with movement of the anterior aspect of the part toward the inside, or median, plane
Medial
Lateral rotation is a rotation of an anterior body part
toward the outside, or away from the median plane
Lateral rotation is a rotation of an anterior body part
toward the outside, or away from the median plane
is a rotational movement of the hand into the anatomic position (palm up in supine position or forward in erect position)
Supination (su*-pi-na’-shun
is a rotation of the hand into the opposite of the anatomic position (palm down or back)
Pronation (pro-na-shun)
is a movement forward from a normal position
Protraction (pro-trak-shun)
is a movement backward or the condition of being drawn back
Retraction (re-trak-shun)
is a lifting, raising, or moving of a part superiorly
Elevation
is a letting down, lowering, or moving of a part inferiorly
Depression
is to turn a body part on its axis.
Rotate
is a slanting movement with respect to the long axis.
Tilt
means to move around in the form of a circle
Circumduction (ser”-kum-duk-shun)
