Chapter 5

Question 1

What are simple and complex carbs?

Answer 1

Simple carbs include quick energy like sugars. Complex carbs include startches and fiber.

Question 2

What are the three main monosaccharides?

Answer 2

Glucose, fructose, and galactose.

Question 3

What are the edible forms of lactose, sucrose, and maltose?

Answer 3

Dairy, table sugar, and grains.

Question 4

What are the disaccharide combinations for lactose, sucrose, and maltose?

Answer 4

Lactose= Glucose+ galactose
Sucrose = Glucose+ fructose
Maltose= glucose+ Glucose

Question 5

How many kcals do nutritive sweeteners provide?

Answer 5

4 kcal/g

Question 6

What are some examples of Polyols (sugar alcohols), the amount of kcal provided , two benefits and one downside?

Answer 6

Sorbitol, xylitol, and erythritol. 2 kcal/g. Doesn’t cause tooth decay and is slowly absorbed so it doesn’t spike blood glucose. If not completely absorbed, it can cause diarrhea.

Question 7

What are the polysaccharides for starch in plants and what are the large chains made of?

Answer 7

Amylose and amylopectin. Made of glucose molecules.

Question 8

What is glycogen and does it break down fast?

Answer 8

It is the storage form of carbs/glucose in humans and it breaks down much faster than amylose and amylopectin because if the multiple branches of glucose molecules.

Question 9

Where is glycogen stored in the body?

Answer 9

Liver and muscles.

Question 10

What is the difference between soluble and insoluble fiber?

Answer 10

Soluble forms of gel in water and is fermented by intestinal bacteria to help make stool easier to pass. Insoluble fiber moves more rapidly and gives a laxative effect and sometimes can cause upset stomach.

Question 11

What is the fate of all digestible carbs?

Answer 11

They turn into glucose.

Question 12

Amylase secreted by the pancreas breaks down starch into what? Name the two molecules.

Answer 12

Breaks down starch into maltose. Maltase digest maltose into two glucose molecules.

Question 13

Sucrase digests sucrose into what two molecules?

Answer 13

Glucose and fructose

Question 14

Lactase breaks down lactose into what two molecules?

Answer 14

Glucose and galactose.

Question 15

What organ receives the glucose, fructose, and galactose after absorbed into the small intestine from what vein?

Answer 15

Liver and the hepatic portal vein. Turns these molecules into glucose.

Question 16

What organ and cells produces insulin and the purpose of insulin? What is the opposite of insulin and the purpose of it?

Answer 16

Pancreas and beta cells help glucose entered cells (the key). Enhances production and storage of fat, glycogen, and protein. Reduces blood sugar to decrease hunger to control feedback. Opposite is glucagon made by alpha cells to raise blood sugar. Glycogenolysis breaks down glucagon to release glucose when the body is not eating.

Question 17

What is the standard levels of blood glucose when fasting?

Answer 17

70-99 mg of glucose

Question 18

When does gluconeogenesis start after the body runs out of glucagon (when you stop taking glucose)?

Answer 18

18 hours

Question 19

What does gluconeogenesis make glucose from?

Answer 19

Burns fat first before protein from muscle to stay alive. Eating enough carbs prevents body from stealing muscle tissue.

Question 20

Gluconeogenesis increases blood sugar but how does this negatively impact the body?

Answer 20

Incomplete fat breakdown for faster fuel. Creates ketone bodies and ketosis which makes the ph of blood acidic. Can cause ketoacidosis usually from poorly controlled type 1 diabetes and unconsciousness and death may result.

Question 21

What is the sugar limit in percentage and grams from the dietary guidelines for Americans?

Answer 21

10% of kcal and women 24 grams and men 36 grams daily. One can of soda is about 37 g of sugar by itself.

Question 22

Total carbohydrates on food labels include what?

Answer 22

Fiber, starch and sugar.

Question 23

Added sugars are linked to?

Answer 23

Dental caries, weight gain, and chronic disease risk (type 2 diabetes and heart disease).

Question 24

Is sugar toxic and is it linked to cancer and hyperactivity in children?

Answer 24

No

Question 25

What is diabetes (diabetes mellitus) and the primary sign of it?

Answer 25

Abnormal metabolism of glucose, fat and protein. Hyperglycemia.

Question 26

Difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

Answer 26

Type one can’t be prevented it is an autoimmune disease. Beta cells stop making insulin. Mostly found in younger children and is less common (5%) .

Type 2 is more common (90-95%) and is found more in adults. The cells do not take in glucose making them insulin-resistant.

Question 27

What are the levels of blood glucose when fasting that classify as normal range, pre-diabetes, and diabetes?

Answer 27

70-99 is normal, 100-125 is pre, and 126+ is diabetes.

Question 28

What does the autoimmune type 1 diabetes disease do to beta cells and the factors that cause this?

Answer 28

Destroy them and from genetic and environmental along with some viral infections trigger it. Can cause ketoacidosis usually by poorly controlled type 1 diabetes.

Question 29

Can type 2 diabetes be cured and what lifestyle factors cause this?

Answer 29

No it can not be cured. Sedentary lifestyles, excess body fat, and genetics can cause type 2.

Question 30

What is gastational diabetes and its risks?

Answer 30

9% without diabetes before pregnancy develop this after 5th month of pregnancy. Severe hypertension, high birthweight of baby (9 lbs or more), and miscarriage, premature birth, or stillbirth.

Question 31

What long term effects do diabetes have on the body?

Answer 31

Blindness, damage to entire cardiovascular system from bloated red blood cells from too much glucose, kidney damage, and nerve damage.

Question 32

Fiber may reduce the 2nd leading causes of death in the US, what is this? How does fiber help the body and what are the AIs for fiber in women and men and what does the typical American diet supply in grams?

Answer 32

Colorectal cancer. Promotes cardiovascular health (heart and blood vessels), fullness and caloric management, reduces risk of diverticula and swollen and inflamed hemorrhoids.

38g for men and 25g for women. Typical diet only has 17g.