Chapter 5

Question 1

Pathways Involved in Circadian Rhythms

when light is detected

Answer 1

1. Cells in the eyes (retina) detect light levels.
2. These cells send signals to a part of the brain called the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which acts as the master clock.
3. The SCN sends this information to the pineal gland.
4. The pineal gland produces melatonin, a hormone that helps regulate sleep-wake cycles.

Question 2

Circadian Rhythms

Answer 2

natural 24-hour cycles in the body that control sleep, wakefulness, and other biological functions, responding to light and darkness in the environment.

Question 3

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

Answer 3

small part of the brain that acts as the body’s master clock. It controls the timing of the body’s internal rhythms, like the sleep-wake cycle, by responding to light signals from the eyes.
s a part of the brain located in the hypothalamus that regulates circadian rhythms by receiving signals about light from the retina.

The SCN helps regulate the body’s daily patterns by controlling hormone release and body temperature based on light exposure.

Question 4

What is a Chronotype

Answer 4

refers to ones tendency to prefer sleeping earlier to later in an give 24-hour period

Question 5

Polysomnography

Answer 5

is a sleep study that records various physical activities during sleep. It monitors brain waves, oxygen levels, heart rate, breathing, eye and leg movements to diagnose sleep disorders like sleep apnea or insomnia

Question 6

The stages of sleep: Stage 1

___ waves to ____ waves?

Answer 6

NREM Stage 1. It’s a light sleep that occurs right after you’re awake. During this stage, your body relaxes, and your brainwaves shift from beta to alpha waves. As you drift into sleep, you may experience theta waves, which are even slower than alpha waves.

Question 7

Beta Waves are

Answer 7

High frequency, low amplitude, seen during active wakefulness

Question 8

Alpha Waves are

Answer 8

Slower frequency, larger amplitude, appear when you’re awake but relaxed.

Question 9

NREM Stage 2
of sleep

Which wave present? Lasts how long?

Answer 9

A deeper stage where your body continues to relax. It’s a transition phase preparing your body for deeper sleep.

Theta waves (slow waves with high amplitude) dominate.
Your breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate decrease as the body continues to slow down.
This stage lasts about 10-20 minutes.

You also experience sleep spindles and K-complexes—brief bursts of brain activity

Question 10

Theta Waves

Answer 10

slow waves with high amplitude

Question 11

NREM Stage 3

Which wave present?

Answer 11

also known as deep sleep:

Delta waves dominate brain activity, signaling a deeper level of rest.
The brain and body continue to slow down, helping with recovery and growth

Question 12

Delta Waves

Answer 12

high amplitude(height), very slow

Question 13

REM Sleep is

Answer 13

the phase where:

Brain waves quicken, but the body remains deeply relaxed, with most muscle activity inhibited.
Rapid eye movements (REM) occur, and this phase is associated with vivid dreams.

REM sleep only lasts a few hours, and after it ends, we move back into other sleep stages, like Stage 4 deep sleep.

Question 14

NREM Stage 4

Answer 14

also deep sleep

Delta waves become even more prominent, marking the deepest sleep phase.
This stage is crucial for physical restoration.
After about 1 hour, the body cycles back to lighter sleep stages or enters REM sleep.

Question 15

REM rebound

Answer 15

after being deprived of REM sleep, the body compensates by spending more time in REM sleep during sleep cycles. This often leads to longer and more intense periods of REM sleep, with more vivid dreams.

• happens when a person is about to wake up

Question 16

Sleep Displacement

Answer 16

when sleep is delayed, “displaced”, or interrupted, to a later or earlier time, disrupting normal sleep patterns and reducing overall sleep quality.
- from lifestyle changes, daylight changes, such as staying up late, jet lag, or working irregular shifts.

Question 17

Sigmund Freud, The Interpretation of Dreams

Answer 17

Proposed that dreams represent the unconscious expression of wish fulfillment.
Between:

Manifest content: The actual images and storylines you experience in the dream.

Latent content: The hidden, underlying meaning of those symbols, often linked to repressed desires.

Question 18

Why do we Dream?
The Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis

Answer 18

suggests that dreams are the brain’s way of making sense of random electrical activity during sleep. When signals are sent from the brainstem, the brain tries to interpret them and creates a story or dream to organize the random bursts of activity.

argues that dreams arise from brain activity originating from bursts of excitatory messages arising from the pons, a part of the brainstem?

Essentially, dreams are the brain’s attempt to “synthesize” or make sense of these “activated” signals.

Question 19

Why do we Dream?
Problem-solving Theory

Answer 19

suggests that dreams help us work through real-life problems. When we dream, our brain processes emotions, thoughts, and experiences, potentially finding creative solutions or new perspectives. It’s like the brain is using sleep time to “solve” issues we face while awake, helping us to cope or come up with answers.

Question 20

Insomnia and its types

Answer 20

Onset insomnia:
- Difficulty falling asleep, taking longer than 30 minutes.
Maintenance insomnia:
- Waking up during the night and having trouble falling back asleep.
Terminal insomnia:
- Waking up too early and being unable to return to sleep.
Secondary insomnia:
- Caused by other factors, such as medical conditions, mental health issues, or substance use.

Question 21

Nightmares occur during?

Answer 21

REM sleep

Question 22

Night terrors, what and when?

Answer 22

• NREM sleep
• not a dream wake up suddenly with feelings of intense fear, rapid heart rate, and confusion, but they typically have no memory of the event upon waking.

Question 23

REM behavior disorder

Answer 23

When we are in in REM sleep the brain prevents movement of the body by sending inhibitory signals down to spinal cord so we don’t move
- but this disorder people will move and act out their dreams
- prescribed benzodiazepines when a threat

Question 24

Somnambulism is

Answer 24

sleepwalking

Question 25

Narcolepsy

Answer 25

Extreme daytime sleepiness and sleep attacks
- Few seconds to few minutes
- Immediately into REM sleep
- Lack of brain cells that produce orexin
- Functions to maintain wakefulness

Question 26

Hypnosis 3 categories

Answer 26

1. Ideomotor suggestions: suggestions about physical actions.
   - Ex. dance like a ballerina
2. Challenge suggestions: Suggestions about actions that cannot be performed
   Ex. people believe they cannot lower their arms
   Hypnosis
3. Cognitive Perceptual Suggestions - Suggestions to forget or remember something or that alters perceptions of reality
   - Hypnotherapy programs to help people to stop smoking makes them not like or crave
   smoking

Question 27

Theories of Hypnosis
Dissociation theory

Answer 27

• Unique state in which consciousness is divided into two parts: an observer and a hidden
  observer
• Driving on “autopilot”

Question 28

Theories of Hypnosis:
Social-cognitive theory

Answer 28

suggests that hypnosis works because of a person’s beliefs and expectations. If someone believes they can be hypnotized and expects it to work, they become more open to suggestions.

In this view, people conform to what they think is expected of them during hypnosis, acting in line with the role of being hypnotized rather than experiencing a special mental state.

Question 29

Disorders of Consciousness: Persistent Vegetative State (PVS)

Answer 29

A condition where a person is awake but not aware due to severe brain damage.
The person develops sleep-wake cycles, meaning they go through periods of being awake and asleep, but without conscious awareness.
The best chance for recovery typically occurs within the first six months.

Question 30

Minimally Conscious State (MCS)

Answer 30

A condition where a person shows behaviors beyond reflexes, such as voluntary movements or reactions. Individuals in MCS may occasionally respond to stimuli, follow commands, or even speak, though their speech can be hard to understand.

Question 31

Stimulants chemical effects

Answer 31

Dopamine: Stimulants increase dopamine levels, which boosts feelings of reward and motivation. This makes activities feel more enjoyable and can lead to increased focus.

Serotonin: By raising serotonin levels, stimulants can improve mood and feelings of well-being. This helps with reducing fatigue and elevating mood.

Norepinephrine: Stimulants increase norepinephrine, which is involved in the fight-or-flight response. This leads to increased alertness and energy, helping you feel more awake and attentive.

Question 32

Hallucinogens Chemical Effects:

Answer 32

• Stimulate cannabinoid receptors: This affects mood and perception.
• Increase serotonin activity: Boosts mood and can cause changes in how things are seen or felt.
• Block glutamate receptors: Disrupts normal brain signals, leading to altered perception and sensory experiences.

Question 32

Opiates Chemical Effects
ex. heroin

Answer 32

stimulate endorphin receptors

Question 32

Alcohol Chemical Effects

Answer 32

Increases the activity of GABA (calms the brain). This increase in GABA causes a depressing effect on the nervous system, making you feel relaxed or sleepy. Additionally, alcohol boosts the levels of endorphins (natural painkillers) and dopamine (reward chemical), which can create feelings of pleasure.

Question 32

Sedatives Chemical Effects
ex. barbiturates, benzos,

Answer 32

Increase GABA activity

Question 33

What kind of drug is Marijuana

Answer 33

• A stimulant, hallucinogen, and narcotic.
• Its active ingredient is THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol), which mimics the neurotransmitter anandamide.
• Anandamide plays a role in regulating memory, circadian rhythms, and sleep. THC can affect these functions by interacting with the brain’s cannabinoid receptors.
• Reduces pain and anxiety

Question 34

Opiates (Or Narcotics)
what is does to body, what is used for quitting

Answer 34

Drugs that mimic the neurotransmitters called endorphins, which are natural painkillers in the body.

To help manage withdrawal from opiates, methadone is often used. It helps alleviate symptoms like sweating and vomiting that occur during withdrawal.

Question 35

What are Psychoactive drugs? What are the categories?

Answer 35

Psychoactive drugs alter perception, mood, and behavior. Categories include:
Stimulants (e.g., caffeine, cocaine)
Depressants (e.g., alcohol, barbiturates)
Opioids (e.g., morphine, heroin)
Hallucinogens (e.g., LSD, psilocybin)

Question 36

The Glasgow coma scale is used for?

Answer 36

Assessing the level of consciousness in a person who has experienced a traumatic brain injury or is in a coma.