Chapter 5

Question 1

What is energy?

Answer 1

the ability to do work

Question 2

potential energy

Answer 2

stored energy

Question 3

kinetic energy

Answer 3

the energy of motion

Question 4

What type of covalent bonds have high potential energy?

Answer 4

nonpolar

Question 5

First Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 5

energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changes form (law of COE)

Question 6

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 6

energy transformations are inefficient because every reaction loses energy to it’s surroundings as heat

Question 7

Entropy

Answer 7

a measure of disorder or randomness

Question 8

What type of energy has the highest amount of entropy?

Answer 8

heat

Question 9

endergonic reaction

Answer 9

requires energy to react

Question 10

exergonic

Answer 10

releases energy in it’s reaction

Question 11

energetic coupling

Answer 11

energy is released from one reaction and use to drive another

Question 12

What are the typical two ways of energetic coupling?

Answer 12

transfer of electrons and transfer of phosphate groups

Question 13

What is a reduction reaction?

Answer 13

the gain of electrons/energy

Question 14

What is an oxidation reaction?

Answer 14

the loss of electrons/energy

Question 15

What is a redox reaction?

Answer 15

reactions that involve the transfer of electrons, reduction and oxidation reactions at the same time

Question 16

What is the electron transport chain?

Answer 16

a series of redox reactions between neighboring proteins used to produce large amounts of energy

Question 17

What type of series of reactions is used in both photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

Answer 17

ETC

Question 18

What is ATP?

Answer 18

a nucleotide that temporarily stores energy in its bonds

Question 19

Why do the bonds in ATP have high potential energy?

Answer 19

The negative charges of neighboring phosphates repel each-other

Question 20

Phosphorylation

Answer 20

when phosphate groups are added to molecules to activate them

Question 21

enzyme

Answer 21

protein that acts as a catalyst, speeds up reactions

Question 22

activation energy

Answer 22

the energy require to start a reaction

Question 23

cofactors

Answer 23

substances that help enzymes by participating in the reaction

Question 24

What are some examples of cofactors?

Answer 24

metal ions and small organic molecules

Question 25

What two factors impact enzyme activity?

Answer 25

temperature and ph

Question 26

inhibitors

Answer 26

lower enzyme activity by interfering with the reaction

Question 27

noncompetitive inhibition

Answer 27

an inhibitor binds to the enzyme at a location other than the active site and alters its shape

Question 28

competitive inhibition

Answer 28

the inhibitor binds to the active site and prevents the substrate from binding

Question 29

negative feedback

Answer 29

the product of a series of reactions inhibits an enzyme earlier in the pathway

Question 30

positive feedback

Answer 30

the product of a series of reaction enhances enzyme activity earlier in the pathway

Question 31

What two factors affect how and when substances move across membranes?

Answer 31

the substances chemical nature and the concentration gradient

Question 32

What type of molecules move best through the cell membrane?

Answer 32

small and nonpolar molecules

Question 33

passive transport

Answer 33

movement down a concentration gradient

Question 34

What are the three types of passive transport?

Answer 34

simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis

Question 35

active transport

Answer 35

movement up the concentration gradient, requires energy

Question 36

bulk transport

Answer 36

transport through vesicles

Question 37

What are the two types of bulk transport?

Answer 37

exocytosis and endocytosis

Question 38

simple diffusion

Answer 38

net movement of small, nonpolar molecules through the cell membrane down the concentration gradient

Question 39

facilitated diffusion

Answer 39

movement of ions or polar molecules down the concentration gradient through trans-membrane proteins

Question 40

What type of proteins move water in and out of the cell?

Answer 40

aquaporins

Question 41

osmosis

Answer 41

the diffusion of water down the concentration gradient, areas of low solute to high solute

Question 42

hypotonic

Answer 42

lower concentration in the cell than outside

Question 43

hypertonic

Answer 43

higher concentration outside the cell than inside

Question 44

Why do plant cells maintain a lower concentration in their cells?

Answer 44

so water will move into the cells hypotonic environment

Question 45

What is plasmolysis?

Answer 45

when a plant cell loses water and shrinks in a hypertonic solution, causing the cytoplasm and cell membrane to pull away from the cell wall