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BIO 1110 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is energy?

A

the ability to do work

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2
Q

potential energy

A

stored energy

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3
Q

kinetic energy

A

the energy of motion

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4
Q

What type of covalent bonds have high potential energy?

A

nonpolar

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5
Q

First Law of Thermodynamics

A

energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changes form (law of COE)

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6
Q

Second Law of Thermodynamics

A

energy transformations are inefficient because every reaction loses energy to it’s surroundings as heat

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7
Q

Entropy

A

a measure of disorder or randomness

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8
Q

What type of energy has the highest amount of entropy?

A

heat

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9
Q

endergonic reaction

A

requires energy to react

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10
Q

exergonic

A

releases energy in it’s reaction

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11
Q

energetic coupling

A

energy is released from one reaction and use to drive another

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12
Q

What are the typical two ways of energetic coupling?

A

transfer of electrons and transfer of phosphate groups

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13
Q

What is a reduction reaction?

A

the gain of electrons/energy

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14
Q

What is an oxidation reaction?

A

the loss of electrons/energy

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15
Q

What is a redox reaction?

A

reactions that involve the transfer of electrons, reduction and oxidation reactions at the same time

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16
Q

What is the electron transport chain?

A

a series of redox reactions between neighboring proteins used to produce large amounts of energy

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17
Q

What type of series of reactions is used in both photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

A

ETC

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18
Q

What is ATP?

A

a nucleotide that temporarily stores energy in its bonds

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19
Q

Why do the bonds in ATP have high potential energy?

A

The negative charges of neighboring phosphates repel each-other

20
Q

Phosphorylation

A

when phosphate groups are added to molecules to activate them

21
Q

enzyme

A

protein that acts as a catalyst, speeds up reactions

22
Q

activation energy

A

the energy require to start a reaction

23
Q

cofactors

A

substances that help enzymes by participating in the reaction

24
Q

What are some examples of cofactors?

A

metal ions and small organic molecules

25
Q

What two factors impact enzyme activity?

A

temperature and ph

26
Q

inhibitors

A

lower enzyme activity by interfering with the reaction

27
Q

noncompetitive inhibition

A

an inhibitor binds to the enzyme at a location other than the active site and alters its shape

28
Q

competitive inhibition

A

the inhibitor binds to the active site and prevents the substrate from binding

29
Q

negative feedback

A

the product of a series of reactions inhibits an enzyme earlier in the pathway

30
Q

positive feedback

A

the product of a series of reaction enhances enzyme activity earlier in the pathway

31
Q

What two factors affect how and when substances move across membranes?

A

the substances chemical nature and the concentration gradient

32
Q

What type of molecules move best through the cell membrane?

A

small and nonpolar molecules

33
Q

passive transport

A

movement down a concentration gradient

34
Q

What are the three types of passive transport?

A

simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis

35
Q

active transport

A

movement up the concentration gradient, requires energy

36
Q

bulk transport

A

transport through vesicles

37
Q

What are the two types of bulk transport?

A

exocytosis and endocytosis

38
Q

simple diffusion

A

net movement of small, nonpolar molecules through the cell membrane down the concentration gradient

39
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

movement of ions or polar molecules down the concentration gradient through trans-membrane proteins

40
Q

What type of proteins move water in and out of the cell?

A

aquaporins

41
Q

osmosis

A

the diffusion of water down the concentration gradient, areas of low solute to high solute

42
Q

hypotonic

A

lower concentration in the cell than outside

43
Q

hypertonic

A

higher concentration outside the cell than inside

44
Q

Why do plant cells maintain a lower concentration in their cells?

A

so water will move into the cells hypotonic environment

45
Q

What is plasmolysis?

A

when a plant cell loses water and shrinks in a hypertonic solution, causing the cytoplasm and cell membrane to pull away from the cell wall

BIO 1110 (9 decks)

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