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BIO 1110 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

organic molecule

A

molecule that contains carbon bonded to other elements, linked in a chain or ring

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2
Q

What are the 4 classes of macromolecules?

A

carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids

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3
Q

condensation reaction

A

joins monomers into polymers (releases h2o)

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4
Q

dehydration reaction

A

breaks down polymers into monomers (requires h20)

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5
Q

functional groups of carbohydrates

A

carbonyl (C=O), many hydroxyls (O-H), many C-H

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6
Q

monosaccharide

A

monomers, “one sugar”

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7
Q

disaccharide

A

“two sugars”

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8
Q

polysaccharide

A

polymers, “many sugars”

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9
Q

cellulose

A

structure of plant cell walls

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10
Q

starch

A

energy storage in plants

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11
Q

glycogen

A

energy storage in animals/fungi

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12
Q

functions of proteins

A

catalyze reactions, defense, storage, transport

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13
Q

monomer of proteins

A

amino acids

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14
Q

What are amino acids made of?

A

amino group, carboxyl group, central carbon, r group

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15
Q

How do amino acids differ in their properties

A

Their different R-groups (side chains)

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16
Q

How are amino acids joined together?

A

dehydration reactions that form peptide bonds

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17
Q

What do you call many amino acids joined together?

A

polypeptide

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18
Q

What are the 4 levels of protein folding?

A

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary

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19
Q

primary structure

A

sequence of amino acids with a specific order of R-groups

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20
Q

tertiary structure

A

overall distinct shape of a polypeptide, interactions between R-groups

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21
Q

secondary structure

A

hydrogen bonds between amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl of another

22
Q

What are the interactions between R-groups during tertiary folding?

A

hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, ionic interactions, disulfide covalent bonds

23
Q

quaternary structure

A

two or more polypeptide chains interacting to form one functional protein

24
Q

What is the monomer of nucleic acids?

A

nucleotides

25
Q

What parts make up nucleoides?

A

phosphate group, 5-carbon sugar, and nitrogenous base

26
Q

What is the difference between sugars in nucleotides for DNA v RNA

A

DNA has H on the 2nd bond, RNA has OH on 2nd bond

27
Q

How do nucleotides polymerize?

A

Dehydration reactions that link the OH group of the sugar to the phosphate of another nucleotide

28
Q

What is a nucleic acid sequence?

A

one end has a free 5’ phosphate and one has a free 3’ hydroxyl group (OH)

29
Q

What are the nucleic acid sequences always?

A

5->3 or 3->5

30
Q

How are strands of DNA held together?

A

hydrogen bonds

31
Q

What are the DNA base pairs?

A

AT, GC

32
Q

What faces the outside in a DNA strand?

A

sugar-phosphate backbone

33
Q

What is on the inside of a DNA strand

A

nitrogenous bases

34
Q

Why is DNA water-soluble?

A

The - charged phosphates make it water soluble

35
Q

Why does DNA form a double helix?

A

It folds in aqueous solutions because it minimizes the exposure of hydrophobic base pairs to water

36
Q

What is RNAs typical form called

A

hairpin, single strand forms base pairs with itself

37
Q

What are the base pairs for RNA?

A

A-U, G-C

38
Q

Are lipids polymers?

A

no

39
Q

Do lipids dissolve in water?

A

no (hydrophobic)

40
Q

What are the 3 types of lipids?

A

fats, phospholipids, steroids

41
Q

What is the structure of a triglyceride?

A

3 fatty acids linked to a glycerol

42
Q

What are fatty acids made of?

A

carboxyl group, 14-20 carbons

43
Q

What type of fats have double bonds between carbon and hydrogen

A

unstarauted fats

44
Q

What are trans fats?

A

The result of partial hydrogenation, behave like saturated fats and ave a longer shelf life

45
Q

What are the 2 parts of phospholipids?

A

Hydrophillic/polar head (glycerol), hydrophobic/nonpolar tail (2 fatty acid chains)

46
Q

What do all steroids conatin?

A

4-ring structure

47
Q

What is the function of cholesterol?

A

regulate the fluidity of animal cell membranes and synthesize other steroids

48
Q

lipoproteins

A

proteins that transport cholesterol in the boodstream

49
Q

low-density lipoproteins (LDL)

A

“bad cholesterol”, carries cholesterol to tissues, high levels result in cholesterol deposits in arteries

50
Q

high-density lipoproteins (HDL)

A

“good cholesterol”, helps carry excess cholesterol to the liver

BIO 1110 (9 decks)

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